Additive Manufacturing; Stereolithography in Dentistry

Additive Manufacturing Stereolithography in DentistryIntroductionDigital mutation beca office of computers has made the previously manual tasks much easier, faster and more reli open at a decrease cost. Such modifications atomic subroutine 18 always welcomed in dentistry, especially from materials and manufacturing perspective. The digital revolution in the form of dental CADCAM took place many geezerhood ago, since than many modified systems hand appe ard on the market with great rapidity.It is expect that another digital dental revolution will take oer dentistry in the form of layered fabrication techniques, once they are able to produce high case dental prostheses. This situation has as well posed great challenge for the material scientists in the form of materials that are suitable for long term function in dentistry and unwritten environment. This can potentially take dental materials research in a totally different direction.Additive manufacturingDentistry is the ni gh suited range for additive manufacturing, as it is associated with rapid production of customized units made to fit the affected role with high degree of precision and accuracy. In principle it creates a series of cross-sectional slices from a 3D computer file which are therefore printed one on top of the other to create the 3D target area without any material being wasted. Additive manufacturing technologies includes many and Stereolithography (SLA) is one of them.Stereolithography (SLA)Stereolithography (SLA) is the most widely utilise rapid prototyping technology. The term Stereolithography was first introduced in 1986 by Charles W. Hull, who defined it as a method for making solid objects by successively printing thin layers of an ultraviolet curable material, one on top of the other.Materials and Required timeA number of materials that the industry uses have increased greatly and modern machines can utilize a liberal array of photo curable polymers. Timing depends on the size and number of objects being created, the laser mogul take a minute or two for each layer (a typical run 6 to 12 h). One can now even print 50 to 80 dental crown units in 56 minutes with high quality mode.Applications in dentistryDental applications are very suitable for treat by means of SLA due to their intricate geometries, low volume and squiffy individualization. Most roughhewn are models fabricated from intra verbal or impression scans. However, popularity is gaining for orthodontics and obliterable prosthodontics.1. ware of anatomical models SLA models are preferred because of high strength, higher temperature resistance, lower moisture absorption, and lower shrinkage. They can be sterilized for functional use, and literature has shown superior accuracy (Barker et al., 1994, Choi et al., 2002, Cunningham et al., 2005). Table-1 summarizes basic characteristics of the three most common types of 3-D models used in the United States. SLA clinical models are used as an wait on to diagnosis, preoperative planning and implant design and manufacturing. Surgeons use models to admirer plan surgeries but prosthetists and technologists also use models as an aid to the design and manufacturing of custom-fitting implants. These models are particularly very useful for restorative replenishment of verbal cancer patients. Medical models are frequently used to help in the construction of Cranioplasty plates. The models are effective tools to facilitate patient breeding and as a teaching aid for students and junior colleagues.2. Manufacture of crowns and bridges, resin models Its use is gradually being extended to include the manufacture of short crowns and bridges and resin working models for loss wax casting.3. Production of removable partial denture frameworks The removable partial denture frameworks is made apply rapid prototyping, SLA technique. It was developed by 3D Systems of Valencia, CA, USA in 1986.4. Production of individually-customize d digital aligner models for orthodontic use Whole trays of individually-customized aligner models which serve as exceedingly accurate base-mold tools upon which the clear aligners are then thermoformed, can be produced by this additive technique.5. Manufacturing of scaffolds for bioengineering and nerve deal conduits Scaffolds for bioengineering and nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration are the newer applications of a similar process i.e. microstereolithography ( SLA).Future advancementsWith the improvements in the speed, reliability, and accuracy of the hardware, additive manufacturing will seriously vie with traditional manufacturing in creating end-use products. Many possible biomedical engineering applications might be available in the coming years.ConclusionIt will clam up be many years before the machines will be able to produce work of a quality that can be achieved by the best dental technologists in the world. For the dental materials scientist these t echnologies will throw up a whole new way of materials processing and with it the opportunity to use a whole new range of materials.Table-1 Basic characteristics of 3 D models (Choi et al., 2002)References and further readingBarker, T.M, Earwaker, W.J.S, Lisle D.A. (1994) Accuracy of stereolithographic models for human anatomy.Australas Radiol,38(106).Berman, B. (2012) 3-D printing The new industrial revolution.Business horizons,55(2), 155-162.Cassetta, M., Giansanti, M., Di Mambro, A., Stefanelli, L. V. (2013) Accuracy of Positioning of Implants Inserted Using a Mucosa-Supported Stereolithographic operative Guide in the Edentulous Maxilla and Mandible.The International journal of oral maxillofacial implants,29(5), 1071-1078.Choi, J.Y., Choi, J.H., Kim N.K. (2002) Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models.Int J spoken Maxillofac Surg, 31(23). doi 10.1054/ijom.2000.0135.Cunningham, L., Madsen, M., Peterson, G. (2005) Stereolithographic modeling technology applied to tu mor resection.J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 63, 873878.Gauvin, R., Chen, Y. C., Lee, J. W., Soman, P., Zorlutuna, P., Nichol, J. W., Khademhosseini, A. (2012) Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography.Biomaterials, 33(15), 3824-3834.Mehra, P., Miner, J., DInnocenzo, R., Nadershah, M. (2011) Use of 3-D stereolithographic models in oral and maxillofacial surgery.Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery,10(1), 6-13.Melchels, F. P., Feijen, J., Grijpma, D. W. (2010) A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering.Biomaterials, 31(24), 6121-6130.Morris, L., Sokoya, M., Cunningham, L., Gal, T. J. (2013) Utility of stereolithographic models in osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the head and neck.Craniomaxillofacial trauma reconstruction,6(2), 87.Patel, M., Al-Momani, Z., Hodson, N., Nixon, P., Mitchell, D. (2013) Computerized tomography, stereolithography and dental implants in the rehabilitation o f oral cancer patients.Dental update,40(7), 564-6.Tasaki, S., Kirihara, S., Soumura, T. (2011, November) Fabrication of Ceramic Dental Crowns by using Stereolithography and Powder Sintering Process. In Ceramic Engineering and Science proceeding (Vol. 32(8), 141-146). American Ceramic Society, Inc., 735 Ceramic Place Westerville OH 43081 United States.Van Noort, R. (2012) The succeeding(a) of dental devices is digital.Dental Materials, 28(1), 3-12.