The True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

In Search of Goal Do you think looking forward and trying to change a bad situation into a good one for having a better life is a wrong decision? The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian is a novel written by Sherman Alexie. The novel is about Arnold Spirit; everyone calls him Junior. He is a teenage boy with a tough life who lives with his family in poverty on a Spokane Indian reservation in Wellpinit, Washington. He hates living in poverty and wants something better for himself. â€Å"I feel like I might grow up to be somebody important.An artist†(6) he claims. His living conditions are horrible; he studies in a school with a lack of resources. He considered the different aspects of moving to Reardan, he struggled about leaving the Rez. In the end Junior decided to leave the Rez and make a better life for himself. He must go somewhere else, somewhere that people have hope. In order to get a decent education he made the difficult decision to transfer to the privileged white school in the town of Reardan. Leaving the Rez for a better life had a negative impact on Junior’s relationship with Rowdy.Junior and Rowdy were friends for a long time. â€Å"He is my best human friend and he cares about me† (16), â€Å"Rowdy has protected me since we were born† (17). Rowdy was the most important person in Junior’s life. By leaving the Rez, Junior lost his friend. When Junior told Rowdy about leaving the Rez he got mad, he hauls off and punched Junior in the face and told him, â€Å"Don’t touch me, you retarded fag† (52). Rowdy was angry with Junior; he thought Junior betrayed him by making this decision.Junior was upset about what happened he felt guilty that their relationship was ruined. â€Å"I knew that my best friend had become my worst enemy†(53). In sum, Junior lost his best friend Rowdy because of the decision that he made for a better life. In addition to losing his old friend making new friends at Re ardan was hard and slow. When Junior arrived in Reardan he was scared. He didn't know what was going to happen with the other students. He was wondering what he was doing in a racist white school. Did you know that Indians are living proof that niggers fuck buffalo? I felt that Roger had kicked me in the face. That was the most racist thing I ‘d ever heard in my life† (64) He tried to protect himself when he hit Roger, and he didn’t understand why Roger didn’t try to hit him back. He was scared about the decision that he made. Arnold was the center of attention and this feeling made him uncomfortable, â€Å"They stared at me like I was Bigfoot or a UFO† (56). Most of the students rejected him, they called him names like â€Å"Chief† â€Å"Squaw Boy† â€Å"Tonto†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (64).It was the loneliest time of his life; â€Å" I just walked from class to class alone; I sat at launch alone; during PE I stood in the corner of the gym and played catch with myself† (83). He thought that he could make friends, but Reardan students didn’t want him in their school. He felt really lonely. As a result, Arnold was lost because everything in Reardan was different from the Rez; he knew that it would be hard for him to find his place in the racist school of Reardan. Although he had a lot of external problems with his new life style in Reardan, it was nothing compared to the internal conflict he suffered.Toward the end of the novel Junior was faced with an abundance of death among his family and friends. After the death of his grandmother, sister and his father’s best friend he was sad, and felt that all the bad things that happened to his friend and family were his fault. As a result he felt helpless and stupid: â€Å"I was mad at God† (171). â€Å"I was so depressed that I thought about dropping out of Reardan. I thought about going back to Wellpinit. I blamed myself for all of the death. I had cur sed my family.I had left the tribe, and had broken something inside all of us, and I was now being punished for that† (173). He carried the guilt of his sister’s death; â€Å"I had killed my sister. Well, I hadn’t killed her. But she only got married so quickly and left the Rez because I had left the Rez first. She had burned to death because I had decided that I wanted to spend my life with white people. It was all my fault† (211). He took on the burden of responsibility for the death of his sister; she was killed in an accident when she was drunk; what happened to her wasn’t Junior’s fault.As result, he was terrified of losing his father, â€Å"Please God, please don’t kill my daddy† (203). Then Junior got some guidance from his father and some words of encouragement from his mother, and Junior began to understand that he made the change in his life for the better. Junior wasn’t the reason her sister died, but he had in spired her to follow her dreams as well. The upshot of all this is that, Junior’s decision about leaving the Rez and moving to Reardan for a better education was tough.He faced lot of problems; he felt lonely because of losing his best friend, and afraid of death of his tribe and family. Although he suffered from the entire bad things that happened to him, it was the best decision that he had made for his life. â€Å"I realized that I might be a lonely Indian boy, but I was not alone in my loneliness. There were millions of other Americans who had left their birthplaces in search of a dream† (217). Work cited Alexie, Sherman. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. New York: Little, 2009. Print.

Review on Past Tense Affixes

The study was conducted to analyse the plural inflections of English language among Malay students. Generally, the duration of exposure towards English language in classroom setting would be approximately 11 years among Malaysian students. Although English language has been given much respect and attention, there are still learners being underachievers and not proficient in the language at the end of their secondary school level. Due to this, the researcher claims that there are still students who fail to understand the most basic rules of English language structure, such as plurality. . 1 Hypothesis As cited by the researcher, Fries (1945), Lado (1957) and Van Els (1984) agree that different grammatical structure between languages is a possible factor of students’ incompetency in the targeted language. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is, Malay students find it difficult to understand and use English language plural inflections because there are no plural inflections in the Malay language. 1. 2 Aims of the Study There are three aims mentioned to be achieved throughout this study: 1. To identify and explain students’ error regarding plural inflection 2. To identify the differences & similarities of plural inflections between Malay & English language. 3. To measure and determine whether the differences of plural inflections formation between Malay and English language contribute to the errors in students’ writing. 2. 0 Methodology 2. 1 Sampling In this study, a total of 40 semester one students were selected as the sample of the study. They were 20 lower proficiency students and 20 higher proficiency students of a local semi?private higher learning institution in Malaysia. The students’ level of proficiency was pre?determined by an English Placement Test which is a compulsory assessment of the institution. Students who passed the English Placement Test are categorized as higher proficiency while those who failed are categorized as lower proficiency students. 2. 2 Instruments/ Tools In order to achieve the aims of this study, the researcher implemented 3 assessment tools to collect the data which are 1) Cloze-tests, 2) Essays, and 3) Fill in the blank. 2. 3 Procedures The first approach used by the researcher was Cloze-test. The researcher used two sets of Cloze?test to gather a more genuine data regarding plural inflection. There were ten questions in each Cloze?test and students have to answer to a total of twenty Cloze?test questions. Each Cloze?test questions consisted of various morphological & syntactical structures. However, once the Cloze?test was collected, analysis was made only on plural inflections. The second approach implemented by the researcher was Essay. Only six essays were taken to be analyzed. These essays were chosen based on students’ proficiency levels. Three essays representing the low proficiency and three essays from higher proficiency students. All essays were about the same topic which is ‘Is television a bad influence? ’ and they had been marked earlier. Instead of focusing on all grammatical errors, analysis was made only on plural inflections. The third approach applied by the researcher is Fill in the blank. There are ten questions consisting of ten singular nouns. Students were to convert these singular words into their plural forms. The data gathered from these three approaches were then analyzed and turned into percentage as the findings. . 0 Finding The findings will be explained in a reference to the few excerpts taken from the article. 3. 1 Cloze-tests Excerpt 1: Errors on plural inflection in Cloze?test 1 Based on the chart in the Excerpt 1 above, it is found that 3 or 15% of the higher proficiency students committed errors in Question 1. Surprisingly, all of the lower proficiency students answered Quest ion 1 correctly. Majority of the students of the higher and lower proficiency answered the question incorrectly for Question 4. As for Question 6, 11 or 28% of students from each proficiency level respectively answered B. beachs instead of the correct answer C. beaches. For the final question in Cloze-test 1, only 6 out of 20 or 30% of higher proficiency students answered Question 9 wrongly. On the other hand, 14 out of 20 or 70% of lower proficiency students mistakenly answered Question 9. Most of the students who gave the wrong answer circled B. childs and D. childrens whereas the correct answer should be C. children. Excerpt 2: Errors on plural inflections in Cloze?test 2 It is observed that there were more students from lower proficiency level committed error for Question 3 and 5. However, for Question 7, it is noteworthy that there were more students from higher proficiency category committed error. 3. 2 Essays Excerpt 3: Frequent errors made by students in essays Based on Excerpt 3 above, the words in bold are the errors made by students in their essay. From it, it is found that students included the suffix –s in the words? childrens, peoples and womans. However, for words like actress and dress, the students overlooked the suffix –s. . 3 Fill in the blanks Excerpt 4: Errors on plural inflections in Fill in the blank task There are 10 words that the respondents need answer in this Fill in the blank task. It is found that the higher proficiency students perform better in this task compared to the Cloze?test as they only answer Question 2, 6 and 9 incorrectly. In contrast, the lower proficiency students got the wrong answers for all questions, except for question number 8. It is identified that majority of students from both proficiency levels over-generalize the use of suffix –s in all words. . 0 Discussion Unlike the Malay language, the plural formation of words in the English language is much more complicated because there are many spelling rules. Malaysian students are exposed to the idea that the suffix –s is needed to indicate plurality. There are a lot of complicated and confusing spelling rules to indicate plurality in English language. From the Cloze?tests and Fill in the blank tasks, the students were clearly aware of the usage of plurality. The only drawback they faced was the over?generalization of the suffix ?s for all words. The students from either higher or lower proficiency level are confounded with the complex plural inflections because the formation of plural words is easier in the Malay language. It can be seen in Excerpt 5 as illustrated by the researcher below. Excerpt 5: Rules for formation of plural forms in Malay language In the Malay language, the common method to show plurality is by reduplication. Plurality is called ‘kata ganda’ which simply means ‘duplicate’. Plural inflections exist in three common suffixes? /?s/, /?es/ and /?ies/ for English language. However, in the Malay language, things are much simpler as students are needed to just reduplicate the words in order to make it plural. Excerpt 6: Comparison between English and Malay language plural forms In English language, students have no option rather than to know that the suffix /?es/ must be added to words that end with /?f/. If students spell it as shelfs, it would be wrong. The Malay language is easier compared to the English language since students have option to either duplicate the word ‘rak’ using the symbol (?) or to insert cardinal or ordinal words before the word ‘rak’ in order to show plurality. If cardinal or ordinal words are used, the word ‘rak’ will remain no changes at all, for instance some shelves = beberapa rak. To be safe, most students will apply the use of reduplication. Despite all the differences in the formation of plurality between both languages, there are similarities identified by the researcher. In both languages, plurality is indicated by cardinal like all (semua), some (sebahagian/beberapa) as shown in Excerpt 7. Excerpt 7 The second similarity is both languages have quantitative nouns that indicate numbers as shown in Excerpt 8. Excerpt 8 5. 0 Study’s Conclusion This study has found that there are differences and similarities regarding the formation of plural forms between Malay and English language. In responding to the aim of this study, it is believed that the differences of plural inflections formation between those languages contribute to the errors in students’ writing. Based on the data collected, it is found that the respondents understand the when and why should we use the plural form. The errors occurred not because the respondents failed to grasp the idea of plurality, but they are confused with the complicated rules of plural inflections in the English language. . 0 Commentary 6. 1 A meaningful study In general, the study itself is a very good research. It touches on a very specific area which is plural inflection. Generally, Malaysian children were introduced to this language as early as four or five years old, at their pre?school level. This teaching and learning process gradually continues from pre?school to primary and secondary school. The duration of exposure towards English language in classroom setting would be approximately 11 years. Although English language has been given much respect and attention, there are still learners being underachievers and not proficient in the language at the end of their secondary school level as claimed by the researcher. Contrastive analysis is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language. In this study, the researcher focused on the analysis of morphemes which carries grammatical meaning which is plural inflection. Some researchers believed that when similarities and differences between L1 and L2 were identified, pedagogy could be more effective. This statement is developed from the master mind of contrastive analysis, Lado (1957) where he states â€Å"those elements that are similar to the learners’ native language will be simple for him, but those that are different will be difficult. † Hence, this study is significant since the aspect of plurality is being analyzed in terms of both languages. Lado’s statement supports this paper’s hypothesis that Malay students find it difficult to understand and use English language plural inflections because there are no plural inflections in the Malay language. Hashimah, Norsimah, Kesumawati (2008) in their study of grammatical structures agree that different construction of plural forms in Malay and English language contributes to the difficulty of acquiring the language. 6. 2 Methodology Moreover, other strength in this study is the reliability and validity of instruments. The use of Cloze-test is a very good approach. The researcher included various structures; however, once the Cloze?test is collected, analysis is made only on plural inflections. It is predicted that she does not wish for her respondents to be aware that this was a test on plural form. This is a brilliant idea to avoid students giving more attention to certain questions. As the result, the findings would be questionable. 6. 3 Findings It is observed from the findings of Cloze-test 1 and Cloze-test 2, there are two noticeable interesting findings. 1) Cloze-test 1: 3 or 15% of the higher proficiency students committed errors in Question 1 while surprisingly; all of the lower proficiency students answered Question 1 correctly. 2) Cloze-test 2: For Question 7, it is noteworthy that there were more students from higher proficiency category committed error. Based on these two interesting findings, we can generalize that, there are actually more students from higher level of proficiency that committed errors in forming plural inflections for certain words. Clearly here we can see that, even though those who are among higher level of proficiency and expected to know more about the English language structures and rules, yet still committed more errors. This denies the assumption that only those who are among lower level of proficiency will have more tendencies to commit error in forming plural inflections due to lack of knowledge of L2 structures and rules. Thus, I am in favour of what the researcher has claimed, â€Å"The errors occurred not because the respondents failed to grasp the idea of plurality, but they are confused with the complicated rules of plural inflections in the English language†. 6. 3 Pedagogical Implications This study is significant for it creates awareness to the readers on the importance of knowing the differences between two language structures. It has an impact to the teaching and learning environment as it serves as a guideline for educators. Now, the educators will have the opportunity to acknowledge the areas that students are weak in. With the results from this study, educators are able to prepare better lesson plans to cater the students’ difficulties. Teachers can provide better explanation for grammatical structure like the plural inflection in classroom by considering comparing rules of both languages. 6. 4 Limitations and Recommendations This study was done on a small scale of samples, there were only 40 students from semester one in an institution only. As for future study, it is suggested to other researcher to consider of incorporating more samples to measure the students’ authentic understanding on the usage of plural inflections. It is also recommended that in the future study, emphasis should also be given to other aspects of plurality such as the loan words (e. g. stimulus stimuli) rather than just focusing on the inflections /?s/, /?es/ and /?ies/. 7. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, despite of few limitations of study, it is true to say that this study is a good research. It gives more contributions especially for ESL learners in general, Malay students in specific. Also, the result of study can be benefit by the ESL teachers. As for future study, it is important in making sure that the research caters all the possibilities and limitations of this study.

Healthy School Lunches

Healthy School Lunches Waking up to go to high school every day isn’t the most fun thing on earth. Sitting through a few boring classes that seem to drag on forever isn’t an exciting way to spend a day as a kid. But, there is one part of school that everyone looks forward to; lunch. After waiting through a couple periods a student can talk openly with his or her peers, and enjoy some food that the school provides. That is, until, something gets slopped onto their plate that looks like cardboard, plastic, or something some people can’t even describe.School lunches haven’t always been this way though, and new, healthier school lunches are to blame. Healthier school lunches are not acceptable the way that they are now, because of the cost they create and the terrible taste of most of the lunches. There are some arguments though, that are for healthy school lunches, but really they aren’t that great. One of the most important reasons as to why healthy s chool lunches aren’t ideal is that they are costing more money for the parents that have to pay for their children to eat at school. This is a problem, mostly because the healthy school lunch programs haven’t been proven to be very effective.According to the Nappa Valley Register, â€Å"Middle and high school students will be paying an additional 25 cents per lunch — for a total of $2. 75 — beginning in 2012-13† at their school district. This will cost parents an extra $45 if their child buys a lunch every day for a regular 180 day school year. This isn’t the biggest cost, though. The Nappa Valley Register says â€Å"Adding the required half cup of fruit to school lunches, for example, will cost the district 15 cents per serving — or about $193,600 annually† which is occurring to school districts across America that are effected by the recent changes in school lunches.This is a huge chunk of money that the school uses to get fr uit for students. This money could be used for something else, rather than buying fruit and make the students buy them. Overall, the money spent for healthy school lunches just isn’t worth it because of healthy lunch’s ineffectiveness. Arguably the most important factor of healthy school lunches is the child’s reaction to what is put in front of them. Certain kids have different experiences with their school’s lunches, but it’s safe to assume that the ajority of children do not enjoy them one bit. At a school in LA, one child says â€Å"The healthier it gets the more disgusting it is† which is just another reason why healthy school lunches are not a good idea. Some children at the school can barely describe what â€Å"it† is. Kids want to eat what tastes good, not what tastes like garbage, no matter how good it is for them. It’s not just the taste though; it’s the serving size as well. One student says â€Å"Usually we go to the student store and I'll buy a bag of Cheetos†¦ r like chips, sometimes a Gatorade, yeah† when asked what they will do when the school lunch doesn’t fill them up enough. This is a problem that is hard to deal with, because having bags of snacks that students can munch on sort of goes back on the whole idea of â€Å"healthy lunches† and has the student spending money on top of their bought lunch just to get filled up for the rest of the day. Giving students a healthy option is ideal, but having them eat something that tastes bad and won’t even fill them up doesn’t seem right.There are some arguments that some people can make as to why healthy school lunches are extremely important and why they mustn’t change. Probably the most important argument for healthy school lunches is that we live in an obese nation. The Physician’s Committee for responsible medicine says that â€Å"poor nutrition plays an important part in the incr easing childhood obesity rates†. There is no denying that this is true, but a school lunch is just one of 3 meals a child will eat during the day, not to mention any snacks that take place in between.The point is that a school lunch might be healthy, but that doesn’t mean the child will automatically become healthier. With lunch being the only meal that can be controlled by the government, it is being taken advantage of. Making 1 meal healthier won’t solve much. Another argument for healthy school lunches is that it promotes academic achievement. Sara Ipatenco of Livestrong. com says that â€Å"Some of the choices in the school cafeteria, including cheeseburgers and chicken nuggets, are high in saturated fat and sodium, which can leave your child feeling tired and uncomfortable after eating.This can lead to distraction and an inability to focus in the classroom† which is also a true statement. Even though these lunches might make children tired and uncomfo rtable, an argument can be made that leaving children hungry and not feeling good after eating something they don’t enjoy could have a similar effect. Being hungry in the classroom can cause a child to lose attention just as much as being tired would be. In neither option can the student properly focus in a controlled learning environment. Teaching nutrition is also a factor involved in a healthy school lunch.But this point isn’t exactly a great one though, because children rather learn from what their parents do than what their cafeteria workers would do. Just because they eat the food that is provided once a day five days a week doesn’t mean they are learning anything about what they are eating. It can be said they learn more from what they see being made at home and what their parents provide them. There are some valid points made in the argument for healthy school lunches, but, ultimately, the children aren’t benefiting how they should be from a progr am such as this.Being healthy is an important part of life, but the way that children react to their newer, healthier school lunches just prove that they don’t taste so great. It’s not only that, though, but the cost of the lunches are not worth the quality of lunch that is being bought. Almost every argument for healthy school lunches aren’t good because they only think about what the student eats at school, not what they eat anywhere else. Essentially, healthy school lunches aren’t desirable in a student’s life which makes the student unhappy.

Choose one arid region and write a report comparing possible methods Assignment

Choose one arid region and write a report comparing possible methods of water provision to the area - Assignment Example The magnitude of the problem is increasing because of the lack of awareness among the general public of these areas about the sustainable and economical use of water. This report discusses the situation of water supply crisis in one such region i.e. Qatar and a few solutions to the problem and methodologies for providing water are also discussed. 2. Background The problem of water shortage is not due to global warming but is more due to the increase in population and the wastage of water by a large number of people throughout the world. More 20% of the world population does not have access to clean drinking water. The United Nations water program has set a target, in Millennium Development Goals, of supplying 85% of world population with safe drinking water by the end of 2020. But with the increasing population and increased wastage and pollution of water this target cannot be achieved before 2030. The third edition of the World Water Development Report (WWDR3) presented in the fifth World Water Forum in Istanbul in March 2009, various issues have been identified as the cause of the water shortage in the world, particularly in the arid regions. ... The salient features and the application of the various alternative methods with respect to Qatar is discussed separately in the following paragraphs. a. Wastewater Treatment and Reuse A large quantity of water is used for household washing purposes. This water which can be reused after proper treatment is normally wasted and thus contributes to the problem of water shortage particularly in the arid regions of the world. Qatar being one such region can also utilize its wastewater for fulfilling the increasing demand of water in the country. Wastewater does not only fulfill the increasing water demand but it is also very effective in controlling water pollution and various water-borne diseases particularly in countries like Qatar where people are unaware of the hygienic procedures through which they can stop water pollution. Wastewater reuse has is being practiced in various countries for providing fresh water resources. Qatar generates more than 2 million cubic meters of waste water in the form of household and industrial waste (Gleik, Cooley and Morikawa, 2008). Out of which about 35% can be treated and reused. Doing so will fulfill 50% of the household demand of water in Qatar. The cost per cubic meter ($0.49) is also lower as compared to the water obtained from desalination (2$ per cubic meter). Moreover wastewater treatment also resolves the issue of water pollution because the water is treated and reused instead of discharging into land which pollutes land and underground water resources. Another advantage of the reuse of wastewater is the localized nature of water supply system because the wastewater generated by a certain locality can be treated and reused

Success of the Back To the Future Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Success of the Back To the Future Film - Essay Example They have to rectify this by traveling back to time to ensure that Marty’s mother finds Marty’s father. At the end, a trilogy is developed. This movie made it to the topmost film in 1985, and it won several awards. To-date, it is still a classic film dominating the Disney World, Theme Parks, and the Sequels. The gist of this paper is to evaluate the reasons behind the film’s massive commercial success in 1985. This film has experienced tremendous box office success. The success of the film is evident by its selling rate. It is considered a high concept event cinema because when it was produced, it attracted a large audience. This is because the film is market driven and aimed at reaching out to the diverse markets (Maslin 1985, p. 1). This is so because the film appeals to both the old and the young generations. It is a comedy, which keeps the audience entertained to their satisfaction. Ensuring the film has subtitles in different languages also enhances its appe al hence success. Moreover, the uniqueness of the subject matter of the film has also brought its success. This is because prior to its production, the idea of traveling back to time had never been imagined. This unique feature caught the curiosity of most of the audience. It is fascinating and well filmed making it a formidable accomplishment (Nowell-Smith 1997, p. 302). The movie back to the future has withstood the test of time. Having been in existence for the last twenty-seven years, the film is still a bona fide classic. A number of reasons contribute to this success. The reasons include the character choice; the uniqueness of the tale, as Zemeckis brings up a concept of traveling back to the past and the future, which had never been featured before, and marketing and distribution. Audience-directed motives also increase the success of this movie. Being a high concept event cinema also serves to increase the movie’s victory. The movie makes use of film modern technologi es and diversity in styles. In the production of the film, the directors deployed advanced technology like animation, among others. They include high computer imagery, relevant sound-effects, and songs. The advanced computer generated images have been used to create stimuli on the audience, and in the creation of distinctive effects (Williams, Hammond, & Fonda 2006, p. 250). All these reasons serve to increase the appeal of the movie to diverse audiences; hence making the movie an outstanding success (Fleming 2012, p. 1). The characters The movie back to the future, which was based on a supremely entertaining script, was accompanied by some of the most popular and attractive actors in Hollywood, including Christopher Lloyd and Michael J. Fox. The characters make some of the most influential actors in Holly wood. For instance, the performance by Fox and Lloyd displayed an admirable agreement and chemistry between them. Apart from their extra ordinary matching, these actors are some o f the most pre-sold artists. They are characters that people are familiar with hence making the movie sell with much ease. For instance, Michael J. Fox had featured in the famous Family Ties hence becoming a celebrity to his audience (Meyncke 2010, p. 1). In other movies that he had directed, Robert Zemeckis is known to bear a trademark of always making use of acting stars such as Christopher Lloyd

Critically appraise the contribution of Le Grand's knights, knaves, Essay

Critically appraise the contribution of Le Grand's knights, knaves, pawns and queens framework to our u - Essay Example In support of his theory, Le Grand provided the following example: in the ‘classic’ era of the welfare state (1945-79), presumed that the motivation of the public servants was their professional ethic and the interests of those they served were of great concern to them. They appeared as public-spirited altruists (or knights) as they carried out their duties in the public interest. Taxpayers came out in the same light as the public servants because of their willingness to pay taxes. However, as per Le Grand’s theory, after 1979 the public experienced grave assaults on assumptions about motivation and behavior. There was the presumption that the public could understand the behavior of public officials and professionals if they appeared self-interested. Ultimately, it seemed objectionable that the beneficiaries of services received treatment as passive recipients-rather the consumer should be the king (Le Grand 1997). This paper examines the worth of Le Grand’ s contribution in ‘knights, knaves, pawns and queens’. This is in regards to the framework of our understanding of relationships between public authorities and organizations, which provider public services paid for. In that line, this paper looks at the merits and shortcomings of Le Grand’s contribution. ... such policies, two central questions that need answers: 1) Are public employees driven by primary self-interested motives or are they public-spirited altruists? 2) Do the recipients of services posse some capability to influence their situations or are their situations merely the product of broader social circumstances? (The ABCs of public service motivation, altruism, behavior, & compensation 2011) Logically he contends that the pay and incentive systems that stimulate the government servants enthusiasm should be formulated in such a manner that it is tough to both types of behavior; and that outsourcing of public sector work to non-profit bodies should not assume that these organizations are purely altruistic (Andrew 2004). This is one of the key contributions of this model that many scholars and researchers received well in this field of study. Flaws in Le Grand’s theory Le Grand’s contribution, since its introduction, has undergone remarkable scrutiny to date. Many scholars and institutions, in this field, have acknowledged, expanded or criticized this framework. The following are some of the issues that arise to challenge and expose the inadequacies that are in the model. Simplicity of the model raises a lot of concern. Many argue that his analysis is too simplistic a means of capturing the complexity of the realities of human motivation and agency. As there is a variety of knights and knaves, and people are not simply pawns or queens (Welshman 2004). For instance, knights exist in two types. The first type, act-relevant knights receive personal gratification from performing an altruistic act. The second type act-irrelevant knights receive personal gratification when those who need help receive it, regardless of who actually performs the helping act (The ABCs

Giorgio Armani Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Giorgio Armani Brand - Essay Example According to the paper the brand’s marketing strategy has been effective, as it has been marketed to emerging markets like China, where there is a strong uptake for premium, luxury fashion products. This paper will discuss the brand architecture of Giorgio Armani, and present a brand extension model. Detailed findings SWOT Analysis for Giorgio Armani Strengths The brand’s personality-based and uniquely designed products, which are among the best, globally The brand’s unique design, which helps differentiate it from competitors The characteristic feature of the clothes and apparel, which are hand stitched compared to the ordinary machine-stitched products The brand’s presence among international sports players and teams These areas identify the policies and the formulas employed for the brand which gives it an edge in brand positioning and recognition. Giorgio Armani has a ready-to-wear and a couture line, which increases their presence among average income consumers. From this study it is clear that weaknesses of Brand PETA activists do not support the outlook of the brand, which resulted in the development of a negative image The brand’s limited global market presence, compared to other global apparel brands Opportunity of Brand The brand’s coverage can be extended to cover the bottom of the market pyramid A larger part of the workforce is young, which increases their capacity to explore and design attractive and powerful products The brand’s ability to expand globally and to penetrate through tie-ups and the launch of new brand stores globally Threats The brand’s dominant coverage of a small upper-premium class market segment The brands slow uptake in picking up on life style brand The brand’s duplicity: fake products of the brand are traded at very low prices, in the lower market segments Giorgio Armani’s brand position Unlike the usual branding processes employed by entrepreneurs in the c onsumer products industry, the fashion and luxury branding of Giorgio Armani is highly personality-based and unique. The designs of the brand are founded on the founder’s personality. This is evident from the critical role of design in the fashion and luxury apparel positioning of the brand. The personal style of Giorgio Armani is crucial in the development and the marketing of the brand. The designer’s style is grounded on product differentiation, which is communicated in a tangible and visual manner. Brand’s Target Audience The target audience of the Giorgio Armani brand includes men and women. The products offered within the different lines for men include shoes, clothes, watches, eyewear, fragrances and home furnishings. The products offered to female consumers include shoes, clothing, bags, eyewear, cosmetics and home furnishings.  

Model Location (Jaimaica) Versus Target Location (Cambodia) Research Paper

Model Location (Jaimaica) Versus Target Location (Cambodia) - Research Paper Example This research paper is therefore a correlative study that is seeking to examine the impact that a replication of the Jamaican diarrhea campaign done by the Bill and Medlinda Gates Foundation would have in Cambodia. Background The current issue under discussion is diarrheal diseases. Diarrheal diseases may come in varying forms including cholera and diarrhea (Guerrant, 2006). Characteristically, diarrheal diseases are associated with the passage of loose stool in about three to four times a day (Ribeiro, 2010) worse forms leads to the passage of more loose stools; several times a day. As frequently as a patient passes liquid stool, the higher the patient’s chances of losing a lot of body water and therefore becoming dehydrated. This means that diarrheal diseases do not come alone but come with their own attendant problems. It is not for nothing that the World Health Organization (2009) notes that diarrheal diseases account for the second largest killer disease in children less than five years of age. Further statistics on the diseases from the World Health Organization shows that malnourished children and children with weaker immune systems are the worse affected when it comes to deaths associated with diarrheal diseases. Sadly, these diseases, which are preventable and treatable, kill 1.5 million children every year. This means that children are the worse affected when it comes to diarrheal diseases. As part of the causes of diarrheal diseases, diarrheal diseases actually act as the symptoms of other infections caused by bacteria, virus and other pathogens. The disease causing agents are commonly transmitted through contaminated water (Lo and Walker, 2003). Malnutrition has also been found as a major cause of diarrheal and also increases the risk of an infected person dying (Martin and Blaser, 2006). Funding Foundation (Bill and Medlinda Gates Foundation) The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have been in the forefront in the fight against diarrheal dise ases in Jamaica for a very long time. The foundation has over the years adapted a two-tier approach in fighting the diseases. These approaches are public advocacy and public action (Santhanakrishnan and Umadevi, 2006). Under the advocacy, the foundation takes conscious steps in educating the populace and masses of people on the causes, treatment and importantly, the prevention of diarrheal diseases. These advocacy programs have been introduced in schools, churches, vocational centers and other public places of interest. The advocacy program has been done for groups in order to help in the easy propagation of the message on the need to keep a clean environment and observe basic healthy eating practices (Woldemicael, 2011). The public action model has also taken the form of realistic clean up exercises among various groups in Jamaica. Funding for the clean up exercises has been done exclusively by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Some of the public fund also goes to the purchase of drugs for infected people. Ultimately, Jamaica was selected because of its past history on diarrheal diseases. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have actually operated in Jamaica for the past eight years and have successfully completed over seven different schemes on diarrheal dise

Does Prayer Make a Difference for Patients Research Paper

Does Prayer Make a Difference for Patients - Research Paper Example The supervisor asked her if there was any evidence to ascertain the benefits of prayer therapy on the health of patients. This incident triggered the search for evidence-based practice for prayer therapy and the results of the literature review and implications for practice are described below. Several research studies have been conducted to ascertain the benefits of prayer therapy with reference to patients. However, for evidence-based practice, only some studies can be taken into account. The gold standard for any evidence-based practice is randomized controlled trials which when performed with optimized research designs that can answer pertinent questions. However, meta-analysis and a systematic review have topped the hierarchy list and when present, they are preferred to randomized controlled trials (Evans, 2003). It is interesting to note that prayer does not only have therapeutic effects on those who pray, but also on those who are prayed by other people who do not actually kno w them. According to Hefti and Koenig (2007), "active prayer within the framework of a doctor-patient relationship can strengthen the patient's optimism and activate the body's healing resources." The first randomized controlled study evaluating the benefits of prayer therapy was studied in 1988 by Byrd. The study was conducted on 393 patients admitted to the coronary care unit of San Francisco General Hospital at San Francisco. In this study, the intervention group received structured intercessory prayers by persons unaware of them. Results of this study pointed to the benefits of intercessory praying in decreasing hospital course scores.

Wynn Resort Essay Example for Free

Wynn Resort Essay 1.) Purpose To know if what is the overall strategy of Steve Wynn to make Wynn Resorts, Ltd. on the right track and quite a remarkable company. 2.) Statement of the Problem There are three problems which I found out in the case, and these are the three challenges that Wynn will have to face, and the future may throw some curveballs along the way. First is need to secure a way to maintain the competitive advantage as increased competition is introduce both domestically and abroad into the gaming industry. Second, The Macau government reserves the right to take control of the Wynn Casino in 2017; this would be detrimental to the profits for the company, and some solutions will need to be devised to ensure that the survival of the company is not majorly dependent on the revenues generated by Wynn Macau resort and casino. A third concern about future success, but certainly not the final concern, is the loss of Steve Wynn himself. Losing Steve Wynn would mean losing his expertise, passion and governmental ties. In the most likely scenario, a loss of Steve Wynn may result in the sale of the firm to a competing company, such as MGM Inc. 3.) Alternative Courses and Actions Wynn must focus on differentiating the company by concentrating on the atmosphere and design of the resorts. Wynn Resort must enhance customer’s service and luxury as full-service provider. 4.) Recommendation Wynn must not only focus to target high-end gaming customers, but he must also offer affordable goods and services to the middle-income clients. This segment includes vacationers and younger people looking for relatively inexpensive place to say with the understanding that most of their budget will go to dining and entertainment. Bibliography 1. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Swot-Analysis-Wynn-Ltd-946073.html 2. http://www.investingvalue.com/investment-leaders/steve-wynn/index.html

Building Design Process

Building Design Process Any building, whether it is a high-rise skyscraper or minute cabin must have a design plan before it is constructed, without a design plan the builders constructing the building would be limited in knowing what it is they are going to build unless for example it was government funded for an institution like the NHS, this would suggest it is to do with healthcare such as a hospital or care home. Buildings can have very complex designs so a structured procedure for the design team to work from is essential to success, for a successful and high performance building it must be aesthetically pleasing, operational, productive, sustainable, easily accessible, cost-effective, secure and safe to be in. The main factors that influence the design process are; finance, the clients needs the design, timing and estimated delivery of the project. The Architect that is designing the new factory unit must take into the account the financial limits that the client has and design the factory unit accordingly making sure it can be achieved realistically on the budget provided. The architect tasked with designing the factory unit is able to evaluate whether the build is realistic on the funds available by comparing the design to previous builds they have designed in the past or by calculating building costs per m^2 and volume per unit. It is important that the Architect ensures the build is feasible so the budget of the client is not exceeded although 10-15% of projects costs are paid in fees the Architect must still make the project cost effective for the client. In the design process one of the most important factors is the site that the project intends to be built on and the surrounding environment (for environmental concerns) as there could be hidden threats to whether the project can go ahead or not concerning the foundations of the ground or the location itself. Obtaining planning approval from the local council is the first stage after acquiring the land to build on so the project can progress. Having a Site Investigation report undertaken of the land proposed to build on will give an analysis of the subsoil composition, bearing values (maximum pressure on foundation soil that provides adequate safety against rupture of soil mass), risk of contamination and the presence of water that could cause damage under the building such as underground stream and rivers. Understanding the topography of the land to determine whether it is sloping, the actual size, shape and understanding the undulation are important to know before building because t hey could pose serious threats and changes to the original design. Desk top studies can be obtained to show the land history on ordnance survey plans dating back to the 1800s and the NCB (National Coal Board) can be contacted for mining records of the land. The Architect could also look on the Flood Risk Environment Agencys website and use the postcode of the land to see whether the area is prone to flooding, previous Ordnance Survey plans and drawings are other methods the Architect could use to understand the area better. There would be no point in building the new factory unless the Clients needs were not going to be met so it is essential for the Architect and the design team to deliver for the client exactly what they are paying them for. As the building is a factory unit it will most likely be being built for industrial use therefore requirements such as parking spaces must be made relative to the required amount. The Client may also want their new factory unit to be sustainable and want to reduce the amount of pollution created in the building process so that should try to be kept to a minimum by the workers. Special requirements may be needed by the client such as functions rooms for meeting, welfare facilities and a canteen for employees working at the new factory unit. The Design of the new factory unit must be structurally stable and have fire integrity with materials appropriately selected meaning it is equipped with fire fighting and preventing equipment such as fire extinguishers and fire doors which can hold back a fire for up to half an hour. As part of attaining planning permission for the build the council must deem that it blends in with the surrounding structures which is usual dependent on whether the building is of a similar size, scale and height to others nearby whilst complementing the streetscape. Environmental impact can be estimated after taking an E.I.A. (Environmental Investigation Agency) assessment which determines the impact on the local and natural environment of building work taking place, biodiversity issues such as flora and fauna (animals in a specific region or area) can also be addressed after the assessment. It is likely that the Client will want the new factory unit completed as soon as possible however this creates pressure on the design phase so an agreement must be came to as to when the project can realistically be completed after all initial issues in the design process have been addressed so the building is near perfect. A lack of planning in the design phase as a result of haste from the client means an unrealistic timescale is created and the building fails to deliver along with the failure for the work load to be scheduled effectively. It can take up to three months for the design and approval to be made along with another month for tenders to be submitted (contractors estimates of costs), depending on the scale and complexity of the design it can take anything from 6-24 months for the build to be completed. P2) Explain the roles and responsibilities of the design team In a typical design team the Architect is the main leader and is pivotal to the success of the project, the other members of the design team include the Client, Interior Designer, Landscape architect, Building services engineer, Clerk of works, Structural Engineer, Resident engineer, Quantity surveyor and the main contractor paid to carry out the work. In a design team, communication is paramount to having a successful project which is why all members should be transparent with the exchange of information pulling in the right direction at the same time to ensure the project work is carried out as intended to minimise mistakes. An Architects responsibility in the design team is primarily to satisfy and understand the Client whilst communicating effectively with the rest of the team so that the project will be completed in a suitable timescale and cost effective to the client. The Architect is paid to understand the clients brief and develop a plan on how to meet the needs of the client whilst maintaining the new development is sustainable for the good of the environment. It is important for the Architect to produce a design that can realistically be constructed which does not infringe anyones health and safety. An understanding of Health and Safety legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is essential so there is a prevention of accidents in the workplace. They are responsible for the management of the design process and select specialists in their specific areas; the architects must co-ordinate the input from the design team and ensure it works together. A Civil Engineers role in the design team is concerned with what is happening below the ground, the foundations and the final touches. How these factors can affect the new factory unit that is being built there is determined by the Civil Engineer who will have a good understanding of them. It is the Civil Engineers responsibility to undertake the Site Investigation report which then allows them to analyse the sub soil complexity in turn determining what foundations and substructures are needed for that particular area before building work begins. The groundwork structure is approved by the Civil Engineer so it is suitable for the new factory unit alongside including essentials for the employees that will use the building such as roads, footpaths, parking spaces, under passes, tunnels and bridges for ease of access to the unit. Drainage below the ground of the new unit is also accounted for by the Civil Engineer with traffic management taken care of after a highways and transportation s assessment of the surrounding area is undertaken. The CDM Co-ordinator is responsible for the design and construction safety issues associated with the factory unit, they have a deep understanding of the relevant Health and Safety legislation related to the project which helps them prepare and maintain a CDM file of all the Health and Safety incidents including accidents. An F10 form is produced which informs Health and Safety Executive that there is a new project going ahead, Health and Safety then have the right to turn up and visit a site, they can then advise as to what needs to be changed to increase safety, the Health and Safety inspectors also have the authority to hand out fines accordingly. Quantity surveyors are assigned their role by the Architect and are effectively accountants for the building work; it is their responsibility to estimate how much the materials needed for the building work to go ahead are going to cost the client. The Quantity surveyor can advise the Architect and the client on the cost of the job and re-evaluate the cost during the project in case it does not all go to plan. The Q.S. can help the client to keep within their budget perhaps by using cheaper materials opposed to the intended ones used in the initial design. A Bill of Quantities (BOQ) is prepared which is a document consisting of a list of materials needed for the construction work and their estimated quantities (costs). The Contractor tenders against the Bill of Quantities prepared by the tenderer giving their prices for what is listed, the offers are compared in order to see whether they are good or poor value and the eventual tenders are negotiated for the best solution. The Structural Engineer is tasked with making sure the building is structurally sound and safe for the inhabitants, safety is paramount to the Structural Engineer because if the structure of the new factory unit is not designed to withstand the forces that will be imposed on the factory it could prove disastrous for people working inside who are at a heightened risk of injury. It is essential for the Structural Engineer to make best use of the funds that are available to them in making the new factory unit cost effective; they must provide the correct materials that complement the design specification such as the right bricks, concrete and wood. Structural Engineers are employed by the contractor depending on the contract of the job and can work closely with the Civil Engineer to understand the feasibility of the building. (P3) The production team working on the proposed new factory unit will include the Main Contractor, Managing Director (MD) of the Main Contractor; the Managing Director is accountable for Head Office Admin, Contract Managers and the outside contractors and consultants. The Site manager is accountable to the contract managers but is accountable for the site personnel, sub contractors, trades foremen and the ganger. Site personnel such as the engineers are responsible for the planning and schedules of the project such as projecting when concrete pours will take place, they are usually housed in on site cabins with internet access for ease of communication with other members of the construction team. Alongside their planning duties, engineers are often turned to when a problem arises and are expected to resolve that problem as fast as possible in order to keep the project on-track for completion. Site administration making sure all necessary paperwork is completed and the security team are there to deter people trespassing or thieving from the site. Sub Contractors include plumbers, electricians, roofers, scaffolders, glazed glass fitters, cladders, road layers and sewage contractors. Trades foremen are in charge of bricklayers, joiners, plasterers and painters. Gangers are made up by the general labourers, concreters, drain layers and plant drivers (JCB diggers, excavators, dumpers and rollers). P4) Describe the legal implications that may arise from poor or miscommunications affecting the project In the Production Team it is very important that the members communicate so that legislation is obeyed and work is not completed incorrectly which provokes claims and slows progress in the build. As a result of miscommunication claims for misinformation or carrying out abortive work can be made if you can justify the extent and basis of reasons why, these could be for example, day to day errors that are uncovered which can now be rectified and clarified with instructions or variations orders. More serious breaches of negligence or failing to fulfil contracted obligations are a tort in law and will result in legal actions. Most professional people have indemnity against design risk and sometimes losses are recovered from insurers. Any client entering into a contract situation with builders must ensure insurance for loss is covered also; the builder has public liability insurances alongside insurance for their employees and for the works. M1) Explain how the RIBA plan of work provides an effective and structured framework for the design process in complex projects and how it is sometimes modified or not strictly followed The RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects) plan of work 2013 provides a structured framework for the design process of new buildings; it provides both the stages for the design and construction phases of projects. Although Architects will have the necessary qualifications that indicate to clients and their employers that they are competent enough to head the design team and work on a project, the RIBA plan of work provides guidance for all the phases of the project including the design and construction. With a structured plan everyone involved in the project knows there role and can continue with it whilst the rest of the project continues to progress, the Architect will maintain full control of the plan but has a better understanding of who is doing what and what is being done at what time. The first section covers stages A + B which consist of the Appraisal and Design Brief. Clients needs + requirements are taken into account alongside the budget, purpose group of the building, numbers of people using the building, accommodating visitors, parking, site access, land suitability, site investigation reports, shape and whether there is a slope/undulation. Stage C is the Concept. Design proposals and concepts must be agreed before any construction work can go ahead and drawings are sketched on feasibility options. Stages D + E are the design development and technical design, final design proposals are developed and confirmed after consultation of previous proposals. The client has options now that they can see all of the detailed designs and are then able to decide on a final design which leads us on to the pre-construction phase of the RIBA plan of work. Stages F, G H being the production information, tender documentation and tender action; a design team is put together to produce documentation drawings and specifications ready for tender action. In stage F production information must be prepared and final decisions related to the design work can be made. Drawings, schedules and specifications are finalised after taking all of the new designs into account which are then sent to the Architects, engineers and Main Contractor who are directly involved. Stage G involves the Bill of Quantities and tender documents production under the NJCC (National Joint Consultative Committee) procedure for selective tendering outlined in stage H Stages I, J K revolve around mobilisation placing the contract for production of the building. Stage L is the final step of the RIBA plan of work and is simply the post construction phase of the project where it is completed and handed over to the Client for use. The RIBA plan of work is especially important for Architects when they are tasked with designing a building that will have a very complex structure; it is comprised into three sections containing the feasibility phase, the pre-construction phase and the construction phase. It is not only the Architect that must know the stages of the plan because when changes need to be made and accommodated, the other key players in the team need to be made aware of the developments of the design as it continues. If the key players are not communicating and do not fully understand the changes being made or how they will affect the structure it can be very detrimental to success. In the feasibility phase the Architect will work with the client in order to understand the requirements of the building and to recommend anything that can improve the building as a whole. It must incorporate buildability which is a term used to describe whether a building can be constructed easily or not and must be financially feasible. In the pre-construction phase the Architect can produce sketches of the layout, design and construction in order for the client to approve what the Architect has designed. Drawings to be submitted to the local authority building control will also be drawn and when the outline is approved final decisions can be made relating to the design, specification and construction. If changes need to be made they can still be accommodated at this early stage but will incur additional costs, these changes must be noted so that everyone can be informed of them therefore they are pulling in the right direction. The plan may not always be strictly followed when the re is a deadline that needs to be met and completing a particular stage may be ignored when it is not seen to be necessary to save time.

We Must Protect and Conserve Wildlife Essay -- Wildlife Preservation

Wildlife preservation may be an important contribution to our animal’s lives, but what if these animal’s lives would be getting in the way of our economy gaining money. Why do we have to risk the lives of these innocent animals? I chose this topic on wildlife preservation because I feel that we humans who have voices need to speak up and do so. I’ve watched animal television documentaries of helpless animals having nowhere to go because of everything we decide to cut down. Yes, it may be true that we need to use our natural resources to survive but why not get more involved with recycling and other substitutes? These wildlife preservation need to stay safe so these animals can help our environment naturally. Game preservation are a protected area while the hunting of certain species of animals isn’t allowed. This allows species to be exploited in a large landscape without having to worry about hunters doing what they love to do, kill animals. The first wildlife refuge was created by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. (Freedman 1) National wildlife refuges in 1988 closely regulated hunting were permitted in 60% of the refuges. (Freedman 1) Why make a safe home for animals but still allow hunting to take place? The refuges are made for animals to be away from hunters and people, who are trying to kill them, why spend all the money to allow the purpose to be over looked? We spend thousands of thousands to buy the property and it seems like it just all goes to waste. Yellow Stone Park seems to be the only wildlife preservation that actually uses it to keep the animals safe. This is one of the most famous protected areas in North America, thankfully hunting is not allowed. This has allowed the build-up of relatively large populat... ...s&version=1.0>. 4. Plessis, Jens du. "Controlled Hunting Will Help Preserve Africa's Wildlife." Opposing Viewpoints: Africa. Ed. Laura K. Egendorf. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Niagara Falls High School. 10 May. 2010 . 5. Hal Herring. "Hunting Makes Significant Contributions to Wildlife Protections." Opposing Viewpoints: Hunting. Ed. Dawn Laney. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Niagara Falls High School. 10 May. 2010 .

Alice Kyteler Sorcery Trial Essays -- Witchcraft European History Essa

Alice Kyteler Sorcery Trial The sorcery trial of Alice Kyteler was an important aspect and a contributing factor of the European With-Hunt. The trial helped to set a precedent and a point of reference for later witch-hunts and later trials. The trial of Alice Kyteler helped make the link between heresy and witchcraft, helped in making witchcraft a crime punishable under heretical laws, helped define what the acts of witchcraft are, and allowed for the authority of the church in matters of witchcraft, such as torture, to be defined. Heresy and witchcraft are interrelated and in some cases, one in the same. The charge of sorcery and witchcraft against Alice Kyteler helped to solidify the correlation drawn between magic and heresy. The sorcery trials that where held in Ireland where centered around the idea that the magic that was being performed somehow made the practitioners heretics. William Outlaw was accused of, â€Å"aiding, abetting and harboring heretics†¦usury, perjury, adultery, murder of clergy, and excommunications, to the total of thirty-four separate counts.†1 William Outlaw, son of Alice Kyteler, had the charges of heresy and helping those who where heretics combined to include other charges that fell under witchcraft. Outlaw was accused of helping heretics, who where also being charged with heresy, and using sorcery for the use of evil. In Nicholas Eymeric’s, written fifty years after the Kyteler trial, lists that â€Å"†¦some others, however, are magicians and di viners who are not pure chiromantics, but are contracted to heretics, as are those who show the honor of latria or dulia to the demons.† Eymeric also wrote that, â€Å"These people,† referring to the magicians, â€Å"are guilty of manifest heresy.†2 This s... ... Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 85. 3. Brian Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London: Longman Group, 1995), 37. 4. Davidson, 26-27. 5. William Cardinal of Santa Sabina, â€Å"Magic and the Inquisition,† in Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 81. 6. Davidson, 28 & 30. 7. Davidson, 82. 8. Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Spenger, â€Å"The Malleus Maleficarum,† in Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 130. 9. Davidson, 28. 10. Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Spenger, â€Å"The Malleus Maleficarum,† in Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 132. 11. Davidson, 62. 12. Levack, 77.

Geoffrey Chaucer :: Biographies Poet Poetry Essays

Geoffrey Chaucer Before William Shakespeare, Geoffrey Chaucer was the preeminent English poet, and still retains the position as the most significant poet to write in Middle English. Chaucer was born in the early 1340s to a middle-class family. His father, John Chaucer, was a vintner and deputy to the king's butler. His family's financial success came from work in the wine and leather businesses. Little information exists about Chaucer's education, but his writings demonstrate a close familiarity with a number of important books of his contemporaries and of earlier times. Chaucer was likely fluent in several languages, including French, Italian and Latin. Chaucer first appears in public records in 1357 as a member of the house of Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster. This was a conventional arrangement in which sons of middle-class households were placed in royal service so that they may obtain a courtly education. Two years later Chaucer served in the army under Edward III and was captured during an unsuccessful offensive at Reims, although he was later ransomed. Chaucer served under a number of diplomatic missions. By 1366 Chaucer had married Philippa Pan, who had been in service with the Countess of Ulster. Chaucer married well for his position, for Philippa Chaucer received an annuity from the queen consort of Edward III. Chaucer himself secured an annuity as yeoman of the king and was listed as one of the king's esquires. Chaucer's first published work was The Book of the Duchess, a poem of over 1,300 lines that is an elegy for the Duchess of Lancaster. For this first of his important poems, which was published in 1370, Chaucer used the dream-vision form, a genre made popular by the highly influential 13th-century French poem of courtly love, the Roman de la Rose, which Chaucer translated into English. Throughout the following decade, Chaucer continued with his diplomatic career, traveling to Italy for negotiations to open a Genoa port to Britain as well as military negotiations with Milan. During his missions to Italy, Chaucer encountered the work of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, which were later to have profound influence upon his own writing. In 1374 Chaucer was appointed comptroller of the customs and subsidy of wool, skins, and tanned hides for the Port of London, his first position away from the British court.

Anaemia

Abstract Background: Anaemia is common worldwide specially in developing countries where nutrient deficiencies are prevalent. It is a common problem in the outpatient set but it’s always neglected and taken lightly which can cause hyperdynamic circulation disturbances and raise the rate of morbidity and mortality. Aim: To determine the prevalence of microcytic Hypochromic anaemia in medicine emergency room casualty in academy teaching hospital. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was done in the Academy Teaching Hospital in which 75 of the emergency room patients participated in the study.The state of nutrition of the patients was evaluated by a questionnaire answered by the patients. Chapter One Introduction and Literature Review 1. 1 Introduction Anaemia Anaemia is defined as the reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood, which usually stems from a reduction of the total circulating red cell mass to below normal amounts. Blood haemoglobi n level is below 13. 5 g/dl in an adult male and below 11. 5 g/dl in an adult female. (1) Classification: Classified according to: 1. Causes: a. Inadequate production of RBC. b. Blood loss anaemia: * Acute: due to acute hemorrhage. * Chronic: due to GIT bleeding, menorrhagia. . Excessive destruction of RBC (haemolysis). 2. Morphology: a. Microcytic: * Iron deficiency. * Thalassemia. * Sideroblastic. b. Microcytic: * Folate deficiency. * B12 deficiency. c. Normocytic: * Aplastic anaemia. * Myelodysplastic anaemia. There are many undiagnosed cases of anaemia that if left undetected can lead to several complications, those include: (2) 1. Infections: people with the anaemia are more susceptible to getting infections from viruses and bacteria. 2. Severe bleeding: if bleeding is severe, internal and excessive then death can ensue if a blood transfusion is not given and the cause of the bleeding is not treated. . Stroke: if haemoglobin is defective, it can damage the walls of the red bloo d vessels and this can result in narrowing or even blockages in the brain, which can lead to serious, life threatening strokes. (2) Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia Microcytic anemia is a blood disorder characterized by small red blood cells (erythrocytes) which have insufficient haemoglobin and hence have a reduced ability to carry oxygen through the body. The red blood cells are small due to a failure of haemoglobin synthesis or insufficient quantities of haemoglobin available. (3) Classification: 1. Iron deficiency anaemia . Sideroblastic anaemia. 3. Thalassemia. Iron deficiency anaemia It’s estimated to be the main cause of anaemia affecting about 10% of the population in developed countries and 25-50% in developing countries. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the United States was 2 percent in adult men, but was found to be more common in child-bearing women age. (4) Total body iron content is about 2gm for females, and 6gm for males. Most of the iron within the body is found in hemoglobin within erythrocytes (80%), with the remainder being found in myoglobin and iron containing enzymes.Iron is stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow and skeletal muscle. This iron storage pool contains on average 15-20% of total body iron. (4) Iron is transported in the plasma by an iron binding protein called transferrin. In normal individuals, transferrin is about 33% saturated with iron. Dietary iron is obtained either from inorganic sources or animal sources. Dietary iron enters intestinal cells via specific transporters. The iron is then used by the cell, stored as ferritin or transferred to the plasma. (4) Erythropoiesis is the development process in which new erythrocytes are produced, through which each cell matures in about 7 days.Through this process erythrocytes are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones, at a rate of about 2 million per second in a healthy adult. The blood's red color is due to the spectral properties of the he mic iron ions in hemoglobin. The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2. 5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body. (5)(6) Causes: * Poor intake. * Decreased absorption (celiac disease, gastrectomy). * Increased demand in growing adolescents and pregnancy. * Blood loss from GIT due to: * Hookworm infestation. Erosions associated with NSAID, peptic ulcer or neoplastic disease. * Hemorrhoids. * Blood loss from irregular or excessive menstruation. Symptoms and signs (7) Symptoms may include: * Fatigue. * Shortness of breath * Lightheadedness. * Palpitations. * Dizziness. * Chest pain. * Blurred vision. * Sleep disturbance. Signs may include: * Rapid heart rate. * Low blood pressure. * Rapid breathing. * Pale conjunctiva. * Cold skin. * Enlargement of the spleen. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia: * Complete blood count and color: with iron deficiency anaemia red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than n ormal. Hematocrit: This is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells. Normal levels are generally 41% for adult women and 47% for adult men. These values may change depending on your age. * Haemoglobin: Lower than normal hemoglobin levels indicate anemia (12-16 g/dl in an adult male and 13. 7-17. 5 g/dl in an adult female). * Ferritin: This protein helps store iron in your body, and a low level of ferritin usually indicates a low level of stored iron. Some tests might be done to detect the underlying cause, like: * Endoscopy: Often to check for bleeding from a hiatal hernia, an ulcer or the stomach. Colonoscopy: To rule out lower intestinal sources of bleeding. * Ultrasound: Women may also have a pelvic ultrasound to look for the cause of excess menstrual bleeding, such as uterine fibroids. (8)(9) Sideroblastic anaemia It is a disease in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes). [10] In Sideroblastic anemia , the body has iron available but cannot incorporate it into hemoglobin, which red blood cells need to transport oxygen efficiently.Sideroblasts are atypical, abnormal nucleated erythroblasts (precursors to mature red blood cells) with granules of iron accumulated in perinuclear mitochondria. [11] Sideroblasts are seen in aspirates of bone marrow. Causes: * Failure to completely form heme molecules, This leads to deposits of iron in the mitochondria that form a ring around the nucleus of the developing red blood cell. * Toxins: lead, copper or zinc poisoning * Drug-induced: ethanol, isoniazid, chloramphenicol, cycloserine, Oral Contraceptives * Nutritional: pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) or copper deficiency * Diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple myeloma Genetic: ALA synthase deficiency (X-linked, associated with ALAS2)[12] Symptoms and signs: * Pale skin, eyelids and lips. * Fatigue and weakness. * Dizziness. * Enlarged liver and/or spleen. Diagnosis: Ringed sideroblasts are seen i n the bone marrow. Laboratory findings: * Increased ferritin levels * Normal total iron-binding capacity * Hematocrit of about 20-30% * Serum Iron: High * High transferrin saturation * The mean corpuscular volume or MCV is usually normal or low. * With lead poisoning, see coarse basophilic stippling of red blood cells on peripheral blood smear * Specific test: Prussian Blue stain of RBC in marrow.Shows ringed sideroblasts. * can also cause microcytic hypochromic anemia. (12) Thalassemia It is a group of inherited autosomal recessive blood disorders that originated in the Mediterranean region. In Thalassemia the genetic defect, which could be either mutation or deletion, results in reduced rate of synthesis, or no synthesis of one of the globins chains that make up hemoglobin. This can cause the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, thus causing anemia, the characteristic presenting symptom of the Thalassemia. (13) Symptoms and signs: * Fatigue and weakness. * Shortness of brea th. * Pale appearance. Irritability. * Yellow discoloration of the skin. * Facial bone deformities. * Slow growth. * Abdominal swelling. * Dark urine. (14) Diagnosis: * Blood tests. * Prenatal screening. (14) Laboratory findings: * A low level of red blood cells * Smaller than expected red blood cells * Pale red blood cells * Red blood cells that are varied in size and shape * Red blood cells with uneven hemoglobin distribution, which gives the cells a bull's-eye appearance under the microscope. (14) 1. 2 Literature Review A study was done in Italy about prevalence and incidence and types of mild anaemia in the elderly.The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and incidence of mild grade anemia and to assess the frequency of anemia types in the elderly. Design and Methods: This was a prospective, population-based study in all residents 65 years or older in Biella, Italy. Results: Blood test results were available for analysis from 8,744 elderly. Hemoglobin concent ration decreased and mild anemia increased steadily with increasing age. Mild anemia (defined as a hemoglobin concentration of 10. 0-11. 9 g/dL in women and 10. 0-12. 9 g/dL in men) affected 11. % of the elderly included in the analysis, while the estimated prevalence in the entire population was 11. 1%. Before hemoglobin determination, most mildly anemic individuals perceived themselves as non-anemic. Chronic disease anemia, Thalassemia trait, and renal insufficiency were the most frequent types of mild anemia. (15) A study was done in emergency ward, Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Anaemia is a common problem in Africa, with prevalence ranging from 21. 1% to 64. 4% 16-21 and a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. 22,23 in patients with AIDS low haemoglobin levels are associated with poor outcomes. 4-27 However, anaemia in Africa has multiple causes, with infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria contributing significantly to the anaemia burden. 28 Hookworm is a major contributor to anaemia and even light hookworm loads are associated with low haemoglobin levels, 29-33 although Lewis et al. reported that hookworm was not a common cause of anaemia among medical patients in Malawi. In a cross-sectional descriptive study 395 patients were recruited by systematic random sampling and their socio-demographic characteristics and clinical details collected.A complete blood count and peripheral film examination were done and stool examined for hookworm ova.. Of the patients 255 (64. 6%) had anaemia. The prevalence was higher among males (65. 8%) than females (63. 7%). Fatigue (odds ratio (OR) 2. 1, confidence interval (CI) 1. 37 – 3. 24), dizziness (OR 1. 64, CI 1. 07 – 2. 44), previous blood transfusion (OR 2. 83, CI 1. 32 – 6. 06), lymphadenopathy (OR 2. 99, CI 1. 34 – 6. 66) and splenomegaly (OR 5. 22, CI 1. 78 – 15. 28) were significantly associated with anaemia. Splenomegaly, low body mass index (BMI) (

Managing People†Lenovo China Essay

Summary This assignment expresses and evaluates the Lenovo China’s human resource management from five parts. At stating, it introduces simply the history of Lenovo China. Then, describing and analysing approach of people management in Lenovo is the key point through five elements of overall approach, system of rewarding performance, employees’ recruitment, methods to improve development employees and the appraisal of individual performance. In particularly, the last three is talked mainly. However, the appraisal system has a little problem. Next, it mentions the leadership of Lenovo China which is mixture Chinese and western style. At end of the assignment, it gives some personal idea and recommendations on the appraisal system. 1.0Introduction The report will appraise human recourse management and give recommendations for Lenovo China. At beginning, it will introduce the background of Lenovo China. Then it will describe Lenovo China’s approach of people management from five aspects. Especially, it will focus on selecting and developing employees as well as the appraisal. Then it will talk about Lenovo China’s leadership and organizational culture. Finally, it will give personal opinions on Lenovo China and evaluation. 2.0People management in Lenovo China 2.1Introduction of Lenovo China The Lenovo China was established in 1984, turning the name of â€Å"Personnel Department† into â€Å"Human Resources Department† in 1995 when they had been an increasing awareness of the importance of persons (Ge, 2004). Nowadays, Lenovo China was a successful company because Lenovo China had ranked NO.450 in the ranking of the fortune Global 500 (CNN, 2011). 2.2Approach of People management in Lenovo China 2.2.1Overall approach The overall approach of Lenovo China is the mixture of classical approach and modern management theory with combination of X and Y theory (Mullins, 2010). In classical approach (Mullins, 2010), Lenovo China do not use absolute power and control over people. They think highly of human resource, because they know the importance of the talents (Ren, 2003). In addition, Lenovo China’s leaders also communicate with employees and listen to their opinions in order to gain their trust, which could obtain more ideas for development of the corporation. In spite of this, Lenovo China still have a complete set of the corporation system to manage people (Pi, 2011). In Lenovo China, as employees are doing any work, they must comply with these three principles: 1.insisting on working according to the rules if there are rules. 2. Working according to the rules in advance and coming up with recommendations timely, if the rules are not reasonable. 3. Applying and working according to the cultural value criteria of Lenovo China, if there are no rules (Pi, 2011). Employees of Lenovo China are in a condition of relative strict control, but they will be provided properly freedom to conduct activities and take responsibilities. For instance, technicians in Lenovo China have rights to adjusting their work hours with freedom (Deng, 2002). Thus, Lenovo China could offer opportunities to fulfil their ego needs. The overall approach is with Chinese and western characteristics of management and combine well these two management model. Lenovo China do not allow individualism like America, but they advocate collectivism. However, they are not like the old Chinese management model—centralization. Thus, the new generations can not only fulfil themselves but enjoy freedom at the same time. There are rules to control yet. 2.2.2System of rewarding performance Lenovo China apply mainly the Alderfer’s ERG theory (Mullins, 2010) to motivate employees, because they have two approaches which are physical satisfaction and psychological satisfaction (Pi, 2011). At beginning, for old generations of Lenovo employee, they have higher psychological demands. In addition to prove that their own knowledge can transform into treasures, their purposes are concerns about development of China. These people do not ask for much in physical satisfaction (Ren, 2003). On the contrary, there is a strong collective sense of honour between the old generations of Lenovo people. Hence, the motivation for them is development of collective spirit and motivation of goals (Ren, 2003). Further, at present, the new generations of Lenovo people is primarily motivated by physical satisfaction, because a plenty of foreign corporations and joints ventures were entering into China after the 1990s with offering high wage to attract diverse people, it threatened state-owned enterprises (Ren, 2003). However, nowadays, Lenovo China’s physical satisfaction includes several sides: salary, bonus, welfare and warrants. Bones have company’s, departmental and individual (Ren, 2003). For example, the half of the excess complete part shall be handed over to the corporation, and their department will dispose the rest of part to reward or give welfare (Pi, 2011). Welfare is normal welfare, such as insurance and housing public fund and so on. However, Lenovo China take the high standard. For instant, government has set a rule that each person have to save the 4 percent to8 percent of salary for the housing public fund, then Lenovo China will save the 8 percent for employe es (Ren, 2003). The advantage of method of motivation is that employee could be stimulated to devote oneself to fulfilment of overall objectives and personal expectations. In addition, the ways of stimulations of Lenovo China are very reasonable, because it is according to difference of various people to provide distinct stimulation, such as different personality, knowledge and features of jobs (Deng, 2003). Nevertheless, the more physical reward, the more expectations. Overmuch physical reward could not exactly stimulate improvement of employees, to the contrary, it perhaps leads the employee to be greedy and get private benefit without thinking of organizational goals. 2.2.3Recruiting and selecting employees The process of selecting employees in Lenovo China is very strict. There are two aspects which are inside recruitment and outside recruitment (Mullins, 2010). Inside recruitment involve choosing managers from within the organization, however, Lenovo China adhere to observe their abilities in same working conditions rather than proud achievements in the past (Deng, 2002), which is special. In addition, outside recruitment needs to hire new from outside by put up the information of campus recruitment at first (Pi, 2011). Then, beside testing of quality and evaluation of comprehensive capacityï ¼Å' Lenovo China also have a face to face conversation (Deng, 2002). There are nine questions Lenovo will ask: 1.self introduction, 2. what do you do in your company and what does your company do, 3. your superiorities and tell why Lenovo need you, 4. your weaknesses,5.do you have some suggestions for Lenovo,6.do you have wallet, 7.do watch the news, 8.what do you think of the job you apply and how to do well, 9.contrast with Lenovo and other brand, and the their advantages(Shi, 2008). Moreover, Lenovo China are willing to recruit the young who graduate from a higher institution, such as, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Beijing Science and Technology University and so on. In order to contest with competitors to seeking the persons with ability of professional technique and senior management, Lenovo China held recruiting activities in universities in advance, and conducting activities was earlier than foreign companies in each year. These activities included publicity of idea of Lenovo China and a meeting between students and outstanding employees with an on-site consultation of employment. Further, Lenovo China sponsored a competition of website designation for the national college students and set up a special award (Pi, 2011). Providing these opportunities helps Lenovo China to better promote their own and attract graduated students and graduands effectively. Moreover, nowadays, Lenovo china â€Å"focus on people who operate effectively on a global scale, regardless of their birth country†(Hegar and Hodgetts, 2011 p. 536). Lenovo China had appointed William Amelio who was an American executive from DELL in late 2005 (Schuman, 2010). However, in those years, â€Å"Lenovo was missing out on the faster-growing segments of PC markets† (Schuman, 2010 p.2). It demonstrated that foreign was not quit knowing about Chinese markets. 2.2.4Methods to improve development of employees Lenovo China emphasize training and retaining employees via four methods, because all of these trainings and results are associated with promotion (Wang, 2006). At first, each employee must be working from bottom of the corporation, then, having promotion step by step, due to organizational culture though this process being inherited and absorbed preferably(Ren, 2003). Secondly, they will choose those employees who are the most improved employees to training by experienced leaders teaching young challengers who will be the deputy jobs (Ren, 2003). Thirdly, it is essential to training coordinated operational capacity through teaching how to build teams (Ren, 2003). Finally, Lenovo China deem to be substance that is an assurance to attract talented persons, such as, giving ten present of stock of coordination, bonus and social welfare according to taking highest standards (Ren, 2003), especially, having vacation with salary and rewarding immediately (Deng, 2002). In addition, with regard to new employments, they all require to attend various oriented trainings. Then, they need to gradually accept trainings of organizational culture, generic skills and aspects of business and management (Deng, 2002). What’s more, though a series of trainings results, evaluation of specialists and 360 degree feedback analyse what aspects of the employees need to strengthen. Next, Lenovo China consider what aspects employees require to train according to their own development. Combination of two parts determines content of training of these employees and the whole year training plans. (Wang, 2006) On the other hand, the method of dismissal and post changing is an old way, but it is popular with employees. When an employee could not exactly exert his knowledge in his position, leaders will consider to giving his chance to check his ability by giving his specific objects. If he could deal with, it illustrates that the thoughts of leader has deviation. If he failed, the leader will have a personal talk when he admits his faults, the leader will continue to supply an opportunity to him. If he could not success until the third opportunity, he will meet refresh the position he stays at present. Then, even if the leader give him a demotion with the same wage as before (Deng, 2002), meanwhile, he will feel not uncomfortable. To conclude, it is a hommization management respecting for each member of the development, providing space of development and helping. 2.2.5The appraisal of individual performance Lenovo China pay attention to performance and ability with very strict appraisal of individual performance (Wang, 2006). Human resource department and every department of managers implement and control the appraisal through two ways which are performance measures and capability assessment. Performance was measured by quantitative evaluation of quality and quantity and cost of accomplished work and other contributions for company. Capability assessment involves work ability, work attitude and potential development (Wang, 2006). Moreover, there are four forms to apprise: superiors to subordinates, staff in the same level, subordinates to superiors, and the department to the department. Meanwhile, Lenovo China use questionnaires for departments evaluate each others in each year (Wang, Zhao and Li, 2009). Furthermore, each leaders and employees should set objectives they want to achieve in each quarter and year and describe what the goals are and list specifically. In the end of each year and quarter, Human resource department and every department of managers have to exam whether the work is achieved and how the quality of work results is (Wang, 2006). In a word, salary decision, promotion and content of trainings are based on these results of the appraisal (Wang, Zhao and Li, 2009). The advantage of the appraisal of individual performance is realizing the importance of taking responsibility by encouraging employees to put their own objectives into enterprise goals (Deng, 2002). In addition, it could supervise the accomplishment of the work. Further, organization could monitor and measure the performance with fairness. However, the appraisal of Lenovo China has disadvantages that employees are evaluated by managers. Due to unsteady factors like personal factors and environmental factors, the result of appraisal will be influenced. What’s more, sometimes emotional problems extremely affect results of evaluation in the process of the appraisal. Some performances are easy to measure like sales, but some are not. 2.3Lenovo China’s leadership Recently, the news said Liu ChuanZhi resigned Chairman of Lenovo China but be an honorary Chairman; what’s more, Yang YuanQing became the Chief executive officer and Chairman (Lenovo, 2011). Liu ChuanZhi, as one of pioneer of the Lenovo China, he creates lots of legends. Therefore, he has his own leadership style. He is more like a participative style of leadership. Liu ChuanZhi always let them raise their new idea, he just inspire them to bring up new thoughts without managing specific matters (Deng, 2002). Moreover, Yang YunQing’s management model is incomplete directive leadership, because he gives his advice at beginning, and then let employees give their views, and at last, he makes decision (Deng, 2002). Consequently, they have a common point which is allowing employees to participate in process of making decisions. They both wish employees’ creative power to get close to organizational goals (Deng, 2002). Hence, this way of encouragement is a great opportunity to fulfil ego needs. In addition, Liu ChuanZhi has distinctive personality and strong charisma which convinces employees, because he is a man of his words, which shows not only in high demands to him but his accomplished commitments for shareholders and employees (Deng, 2002). 2.4Lenovo China’s organizational culture Liu ChuanZhi pays more attention on organizational culture, because it is a representative of Lenovo China and has significance of goals accomplishment (Ren, 2003) like task culture (Mullins, 2010). â€Å"It is reflected in the statement: We do what we say and own what we do (Lenovo, 2011)†. There are four major organizational cultures. Firstly, Lenovo China quite advocate spirit of cooperation, because Lenovo China believe that it is a requirement of maintaining a consistent team (Deng, 2002). Secondly, they emphasize spirit of struggle, because Liu ChuanZhi said that five percent of hope turned into one hundred percent of reality. For example, in 1991, Lenovo Hong Kong had loss of more than fifty million Hong Kong dollars in three months, Lenovo overcame. As a result, Liu ChuanZhi suffered Meniere’s from syndrome (Deng, 2002). Thirdly, great reputation and credit is life of corporation. There are two types which are individuals and corporation. Individual reputation and credit means that working seriously and doing what they had said can win the trust of users, colleagues, subordinates and superior. The reputation and credit of corporation came from satisfaction of users. Lenovo China would rather lose money than lose credibility and reputation (Deng, 2002). For instance, in 2003, the rate of bad account is less than 0.005% (Ren, 2003). Fourthly, innovation and study are one of the cultural of corporation (Deng, 2002). Today’s successes are result from Lenovo China innovating and studying continually. Further, there is a special organizational culture; they have a â€Å"CTIME† for encouraging communicating like a friend. Meanwhile, CTIME means coffee time. Each afternoon at 1o’clock, employees and leaders go to the third floor and can talk easily. Especially, leaders will pay employees for coffee every Tuesday which is for encouraging friendly c ommunication from each other (Pi, 2011). Therefore, the culture of Lenovo China is successful to let employees have cohesions through communication and teamwork. In addition, the efficiency of execution is high because of nice teamwork. Overall, it is a relative perfect culture. 3.0Personal opinions on Lenovo China If there is an opportunity to work in Lenovo China, â€Å"YES† is the answer. At starting, this is a big and well-know corporation. For ego needs, it is based on satisfaction of physical needs at first, like food, clothes and so on. In addition, leadership in Lenovo China is different from other old state-enterprises, because it can produce a sense of belonging through each involvement of employees. When employees contribute to Lenovo China, it is important to embody the meaning of individual existence. They are not complete power control but participative style. Thus, there are more spaces to allow employees to develop strengths though proper freedom. Moreover, the relationship of colleagues is fair competitions instead of vicious and harmful competitions, which makes employments safety. Due to Lenovo China advocating friendly communication between leaders and employees, this policy can get rid of estrangement between people and give enough respect for employees which is attractive. Hence, ego needs could be satisfied. Then, for individual development, Lenovo China offer relevant help. They choose training employees to learn new skills for free, because they have their own training base. Apart from the theoretical knowledge, there are leaders passing on knowledge of their experiences which is treasure and cannot learn from books directly. However, the appraisal of individual performance has a little problem which is evaluation with personal emotions. Perhaps, it is unavoidable, but it can be evaluated through various channels. For example, individual evaluation could do like department appraisal which is evaluated by doing questionnaires in other departments, managers and employees. In other words, the appraisal of individual performance can be evaluated by colleagues, managers and users. 4.0Conclusion In conclusion, it can be seen then that Lenovo China’s people management is relatively successful. Success of Lenovo China is showed on three parts which are approach of people management, leadership and organizational culture. In particularly, in part of approach, it focuses on three aspects which are selecting employees and how to develop employees and the appraisal system. Especially, it indicates that the appraisal of individual performance has shortage. In addition, it mentions that organizational culture is the core of corporation. Finally, it gives opinions on human relation of Lenovo China and reasons. Reference CNN. 2011. Annual ranking of the world’s largest corporations [On-line]. CNN Money. Available from: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/401_500.html [Accessed 11 December 2011]. Deng, Z.H. 2002. The human resource management of legend. Hohhotï ¼Å¡Publication of the people of Inter Mongolia Ge, X. 2004. To discuss the Manpower Recourses Management of Legend Grow up. Journal of Liaoning Business Vocational College, 63(2), 18-19. [On-line]. Wang Fang Data. Available from: http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_lnswzyxyxb200402009.aspx [Accessed 11 December 2011]. Hegar,K.W.and Hodgetts R.M. 2011. Modern human relations at Work. Google Books. Available from: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kleg0QYjidUC&pg=PA536&dq=Lenovo+China+human+resource&hl=zh-CN&ei=BL_lTuqtHMSaiAf9v8y2BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=Lenovo%20China%20human%20resource&f=false [Accessed 12 December 2011] Lenovo. 2011. Our Company [On-line]. Lenovo. http://www.lenovo.com/lenovo/ca/en/our_company.html [Accessed 15 December 2011] Mullins, L.J. 2010. 9nd ed. Management & organizational behavior. London: Prentice Hall Pi. B.W. 2011. Liu ChuanZhi: Diaries of Managing Lenovo. Beijing: China Railway Publication. Shi,Y.Y. 2008. Analyses and Enlightenment of the model of human resource management. Industrial and science Tribune, 7(12), 250-251. [On-line]. Wang Fang Data. Available from: http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_cyykjlt200812123.aspx [Accessed 12 December 2011] Ren, X. 2003. Liu ChuanZhi discussing experience of Lenovo China. Beijing ï ¼Å¡Thread Binding Books publishing House Wang, J.P. 2006. Lenovo:How to turn students into elites. Computer Education, (9), 66-69. [On-line]. Wang Fang Data. Available from: http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_jsjjy200609021.aspx. [Accessed 13 December 2011] Zhang, Y.S., Zhao, M.X. and Li, J. 2009. Human Resources Management Cases Series. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press