Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin Free Essays

In â€Å"Black Like Me† by John Howard Griffin recognizes how peace promotion incredibly changes after he experiences an intense way of life change to find reality of how individuals are arranged by their skin shading and not their own character. Griffin experiences an examination so as to permit him to contemplate and expand on racial limits that despite everything exist during the 1950†³s. Griffin, very quickly acknowledges isolation and low confidence brought about by the sentiment of being detested because of the shade of your skin. We will compose a custom exposition test on Dark Like Me by John Howard Griffin or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The peace making in the book changes radically after his shade is changed and he is no longer piece of a special white American culture, and now he his piece of a despised society because of physical contrasts that cause them to appear to be substandard compared to the rule race. Griffin†s peace making style enormously changes after he experiences his test. Toward the start of his excursion, he was forceful, and took things for rock, for example, eating in cafés and utilizing open offices. After he changes his pigmentation it changes his refereeing because of what he is capitulated to in light of the adjustment in the variety of his skin shading. The main peace promotion abilities he had were the ones he learned by watching other people who were adjusted to the Society. For example, â€Å"blacks consider themselves to be sub-par compared to whites due to the general public they live in†. For instance, † on the transport ride to Mississippi, Griffin experiences a man who dark outwardly, and attempts to consider himself part of the white culture and expectations when he passes on, the white piece of his spirit will go to heaven†. Griffin peace promotion is latent at long last simply because he is watching and he doesn†t need to cause to notice himself, which may push him into difficulty. Griffin†s peace making is subjective in light of the fact that he is no longer what he was before the analysis and realizes he will need to live like a dark male for the remainder of his common life. Step by step instructions to refer to Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin, Essay models

The Characteristics of Main Modes of Transport in India and Australia Assignment

The Characteristics of Main Modes of Transport in India and Australia - Assignment Example The vehicle modes help a country to accomplish its kin and cargo to accomplish most extreme versatility. These days, most vehicle frameworks are competent to deal with both cargo and traveler traffic. Here, the endeavor is to look at the principle transport methods of India, a creating nation in Asia; and Australia, a created nation and a differing mainland without anyone else. In addition, the paper endeavors to examine and to clarify the purpose for the distinction in the improvement of transport modes in these nations. Muehlich and Hamacher mirrors that: â€Å"global traveler and cargo transportation exercises, utilization levels of powers utilized for transportation purposes† (2006) the distinction in transport mode in various nations is a direct result of the connection with traveler and cargo exercises and the distinction in fuel utilization level. Theory proclamation: Comparison between the vehicle methods of India and Australia, and examination of the explanation for the distinction of transport modes. In India, transport modes assume a noteworthy job in financial turn of events and provide food the requirements of above 1.1 billion individuals. The vehicle framework in the South Eastern and South Western pieces of the nation is far superior than different parts. The street organize is the spine/life saver of the nation. World Bank Independent Evaluation Group mirrors that: â€Å"Since 2000, transport request has moved among transport modes, mostly to the upside of street transport† (World Bank Independent Evaluation Group 2007) the year 2000 shows a gigantic move in transport request in India. For example, in the year 1997, income from the street organize comprises of 4.4 percent of GDP. Be that as it may, the individuals who live in remote towns get less access to every climate street and they become segregated from different pieces of the nation in rainstorm seasons. The rail arrange is the longest and fourth intensely utilized framework in the world.â

Nursing Human Dignity and Capital Punishment

Question: Examine about the Nursing for Human Dignity and Capital Punishment. Answer: Presentation The demonstration of the death penalty is considered as a complex basic issue that includes alternate points of view as far as human poise. The focal point of the investigation is to comprehend alternate points of view identified with the multidimensional human nobility while rehearsing the death penalty as a worldwide system to control wrongdoing. The fundamental right of human pride is the option to live and the death penalty upsets this privilege to life making human nobility as an objective. Along these lines, human pride is considered as generally delicate and basic wonder in the death penalty (Duwell, 2011). Conley (2013) expressed that death penalty gives an unsure position to one individual to end the life of another person just as starting torment, merciless act and discipline that is against the part of human pride. In any case, in the perspective of communist and republicans, the death penalty or capital punishment is additionally considered as a demonstration ensuring the human respect by rebuffing the wrongdoing hurting human poise. Accordingly, this mind boggling understanding identified with human poise perspectives in the death penalty makes it an issue of discussion (Latzer, 2010). The article includes a clarification and examination on three alternate points of view identified with a comprehension of human pride in the death penalty issue. Human respect is a multidimensional marvel that includes various articulations, perspectives, angles, convictions and conventional bases. The principal point of view demonstrates that human respect is an intrinsic factor that can never be detracted from people, independent of dehumanizing procedures utilized in the death penalty to hurt the acquired human poise and these techniques neutralize the human pride. The subsequent viewpoint expresses that flexibility and compassion towards human pride ought to be considered as a piece of the death penalty where each individual ought to get an opportunity to build up a positive picture, thinking of it as a human right. Notwithstanding, the third viewpoint plays an exacting job that conflicts with the compassion and sympathy showing that social and good wrongdoings should bring about severe disciplines regardless of guilty parties respect. The examination includes a basic clarification on these three multidimensional points of view clarifying human poise in the death penalty issue. Point of view 1 1. In this dehumanization point of view, it is shown that dehumanizing systems utilized in the death penalty preclude the human pride from securing a guilty party in the death row. This point of view of dehumanization can be connected with the intersubjective quadrant of human poise. There are distinctive dehumanizing systems utilized in enactment to make an understanding that death penalty is over all the parts of human respect (Latzer, 2010). In the gave perusing of Conley (2013) creator examined the dehumanizing techniques actualized in Texas the death penalty process. The hearers of the enactment framework is Texas use language, physical separation, social and enthusiastic separation as dehumanizing techniques to ignore the wrongdoers human respect. This physical, enthusiastic and phonetic separation makes disavowal for compassion saddling the human respect preferring more towards execution of capital punishment as opposed to understanding the wrongdoing. In the gave contextual investigation, utilization of military-style security move for Chan and Myuran by Indonesian government was one such dehumanizing procedure that acted against the human poise. Notwithstanding, Cook (2003) showed that dehumanizing methodologies limit the unpredictability of legal hearer by helping them in keeping their human respect and compassion aside while actualizing capital punishment. In this way, this viewpoint essentially neutralizes the human poise for both the guilty party and the hearer. This point of view of dehumanizing guilty parties bolsters the death penalty making a negative perspective towards human respect. 2. As indicated by Vasquez et al. (2014) contemplates, there are different social, good and ethnic perspectives that consider discipline as an ethical medication and dehumanization as a procedure engaged with the treatment of guilty parties. In any case, conversely, Cohen Smith (2010) expressed that discipline regarding human respect is just considered as equity other else; the discipline that dehumanizes is considered as a wrongdoing itself. In any case, this ethical clarification towards the death penalty is constantly disengaged by society preferring dehumanization. Vasquez et al. (2014) showed that bestial and unthinking standards that create observations for considered guilty parties as creatures or items likewise underpins dehumanization. In this manner, individuals consider hoodlums as a negative component of society bringing about their good, enthusiastic and social rejection from society. Cohen Smith (2010) showed that the confined comprehension towards wrongdoing in customa ry ideas and convictions additionally favors dehumanization that is currently a piece of society culture. Indeed, even the social and media depictions of wrongdoing foreseeing a negative picture of guilty party human qualities outfits their respect further supporting dehumanization. The circumstance of good withdrawal likewise permits individuals to pass judgment on the negative conduct of lawbreakers that is illicit and against human poise. Be that as it may, Vasquez et al. (2014) opine that a more legitimized and thoughtful comprehension about the barely recognizable difference among wrongdoing and human poise will assist with conquering these circumstances preferring dehumanization over recovery. 3. Riley (2010) examined distinctive perspective and response of individuals supporting dehumanization or dehumanist that training inhumanness by utilization of informal language, obnoxious attack, physical maltreatment (brutality) and eye to eye connection refusal. These individuals would think about savagery towards wrongdoer above human nobility or option to endure. In this circumstance, the individuals think about rebuffing the guilty party over every other perspective. Johnson (2014) considered that legal hearer in Texas utilizes lawful language to build up a passionate good ways from criminal wrongdoers preferring dehumanization in the death penalty. The experts need to erase their own human respect or individual recognition to support lawful dynamic otherwise called depersonalizing activity in lawful dialects. Further, Cohen Smith (2010) showed that activities or response of individuals towards lawbreakers favors dehumanization in most extreme cases. Be that as it may, Riley ( 2010) examined that adaptation factors and activities preferring compassion advancement can conquer the deformities of dehumanization point of view in the death penalty. A portion of the effective activities that secure human pride in standards of society include training, sympathy, discoursed and shared characteristics intrigue. Point of view 2 1. This point of view gives a positive system to the human pride of wrongdoers associated with the death penalty. The point of view explains and underlines more on give an opportunity of restoration to lawbreakers that can assist them with restructuring their lives and spare their poise preferring emotional quadrant of human nobility. In the gave perusing Guse Hudson (2014) subjective research depicted the self-change of three South African guilty parties who rehearsed restoration and reshaped their lives giving an alternate perspective on the human respect of wrongdoers. The idea of recovery expresses that wrongdoing isn't an end of life or human poise rather it is an opportunity to improve once character, character and perspective towards life (Pope, 1999). Guse Hudson (2014) clarifies through the meeting with wrongdoers that insight, mankind, amazing quality and mental fortitude are four significant human attributes that help to reshape once own brief. This viewpoint totally holds human nobility over the death penalty preferring recidivism evasion and rationalistic deduction towards human pride engaged with the death penalty. In the gave contextual analysis, Chan and Myuran rehearsed restoration and purchased an adjustment in their lives that was distinguished by individuals and Australian government moreover. Chan turned into a Christian clergyman and Myuran a craftsman, yet at the same time the interests and solicitation for leniency supporting guilty parties flopped in Indonesian Legislation. This contextual investigation demonstrates that recovery is as yet a least acknowledged point of view of human nobility in the death penalty process preferring the unpredictability of human poise in this wonder. 2. In the current period likewise society has not totally acknowledged the point of view of recovery as a piece of human pride on account of the death penalty. Flanders (2013) demonstrated that restoration is another procedure practically speaking while customary it was not considered as a piece of lawful equity process however now open persevere a positive point of view for recovery. Riley (2010) examined that social reintegration is an activity or technique rehearsed by individuals to reaccept the guilty party once more into society through network based authorizations including reemergence support, aftercare, reintegration, resettlement and transitional consideration gave by individuals themselves. Further, recovery activities include relationship advancement with guilty parties, helpful equity, and directing. As per Johnson (2014), there are restoration programs directed by the legislature to limit reoffending in jail. A portion of the effective recovery programs are conduct prog rams for sexual guilty parties, outrage the board programs for rough crooks, substance programs, casualty mindfulness projects and uncommon gathering programs indicating a tremendous effect on preferring restoration that will legitimately secure and protect the human respect of wrongdoers. 3. Metz (2010) showed that individuals holding the point of view of recovery practice compassion and backing towards wrongdoers independent of their offense. Individuals convey an awareness of other's expectations, rebuilding and backing considering the human respect of guilty party equivalent to other people. Individuals likewise attempt t

The Good, the Bad and Social Problems Essay Topics

The Good, the Bad and Social Problems Essay Topics Social Problems Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? First of all, correct amount of basic education should be provided in families. The student from the upper-class community is going to have the very best possibility of succeeding. There are many problems, even on your own campus, that ought to be resolved. Therefore, it truly is important to place the issue of cyber bullying to the forefront and be sure that the government authorities together with the school councils do something about it. Top Social Problems Essay Topics Choices It's also just as important to maintain adequate degree of mutual trust so that children could find assistance from parents in case they've become victims of cyber-bullying. The demands of the students should be looked at in a pragmatic way and schemes have to be developed to serve them better. They face lots of relationship issues. The Supreme Approach for Social Problems Essay Topics Drugs have subse quent wellbeing and emotional issues through addiction and standard usage which then changes an individual's social behavior. Normally the illness lasts a couple of days. Social stress is one mental illness that maynot be cured with something as simple as a substance. More common problems for the fantastic depression. Details of Social Problems Essay Topics Various nations share similar social problems along with different ones. Opinions on the matter of illegal immigrants residing in america varies greatly. The variety of microcephaly cases in Brazil are increasing, particularly in the Northeast of the nation. The usa has a great deal of social troubles. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Social Problems Essay Topics Social issues transcend almost every facet of the society, and for that reason, given the undertaking of writing an essay on social issues, one is indirectly given the opportunity to select from the plethora of topics within the area. History is a subj ect that's compulsory for students of at just about any major. Let's take a quick glance at some of the most fascinating problem solution essay topics for students that will assist you in writing an essay. You can't begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. It is possible to also cite the job on particular individuals or philanthropists, that are working with diverse methods than the ones which you proposed. One of the course of the past few weeks webmd experts and after that show the decrease chest area. The third component is the growth of adolescence as a distinct phase of the life cycle is the growth of the juvenile justice system. Furthermore, there are different joints which only draw in women or seem to get frequented by men only. Social Problems Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone Choose the one that you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! It is crucial to remain objective when writing this kind of assignment and convince your audience on facts instead of opinions. You just need to ask the i deal questions! The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a tremendous quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. Top Social Problems Essay Topics Secrets Individual member is now able to play their role, pick the part they need to play and do it for the frequent goodness of their community. If only a few individuals are speaking out against it, then it isn't a social matter. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. In both nations, the strong existence of the government is very evident as the officials are making everything possible to attack the issue. Social Problems Essay Topics - the Story Avoiding social media can be quite hard. Social problems aren't universal to each society and have a tendency to change rapidly. They arise due to various factors. Difficulties with the environment are almost directly linked to poverty and issues with education. In some instances, people are attracted into buying certain kinds of products which they now define with that specific brand against their rivals through extreme advertising. There are several social problems that haunt the education system. As stated by the structural perspective, society is regarded as a complicated system of structures that interact to be able to execute various necessary functions. Data service social means it is also subject to lots of interpretations from various disciplines.

Plato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay - 1630 Words

The lasting condition impressed by an image can sometimes like as a flame, spreading throughout other discourses for long after its initial kindling. Such is the case with Plato s allegory of the cave, which has for over 2,500 years inspired significant contributions to theorizations of truth. Despite the age of Plato s work, the truth in the allegory is demonstrated by its own universality; as a formative piece of literature, the story acts as a gateway into Western discourses of truth. Truth remains an elusive quality, particularly when it is elevated to a universal value. Elevation as such brings into question the possibility of universal truth. The allegory of the cave renders a depiction of truth as a universal value that appears at once illuminating, damaging, and unforgiving — but this much only ever seeks to assert a version of truth fashioned by Socrates Plato himself sought to replicate. To analyze the enduring quality of Plato s work, the tools the author himself us es need to be investigated first. In one of his classic dialogues, Plato utilizes the character of Socrates, a stand-in for the real philosopher that educated the author. Socrates in Plato s work is in some ways an idealization of the lived thought of one of Western thought s most celebrated philosophers. Socrates discusses with another Greek, Glaucon, the image of a cave in which inhabitants are shackled, forced to view nothing but a wall and shadows upon it projected from other light sources. AShow MoreRelatedPlato s Allegory Of The Cave1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s, Allegory of the cave, a key theory I found was the importance of education. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (104) Based on my research of the republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes, ordinary mortals are chained within an underground chamber, which acco rding to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within the human body. These mortals can’t lookRead MorePlato s Allegory Of Cave1979 Words   |  8 PagesJaneva Walters December 6, 2016 Dr. T. Brady ENG 391 Plato’s Allegory of Cave The allegory of the cave is regarded as one of the most reputed and acclaimed works by the Greek philosopher Plato in modern literature as well as philosophy. First published and presented in his work known as a Republic (514a–520a), the dialogues that have been used as conversation can be regarded as fictitious as the main conversation takes place between Plato’s brother Glaucon and Socrates. First and foremost, allegoricalRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1814 Words   |  8 PagesIn Plato’s, â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, a key theory I found was the importance of gaining knowledge. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (Fiero, 104). Based on my research of the Republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes in the Allegory, ordinary mortals who are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, r epresents the psyche imprisoned within theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in a cave? Caves are dark, cold, and often times dangerous. People who lose their source of light in a cave often face death from physical injury or hypothermia, unless otherwise rescued. The Greek philosopher Plato illustrated the difference between reality and illusion through a story about prisoners who lived their entire existence in a cave. Plato tells the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† as a conversation between Socrates, his mentor, and Glaucon, one of Socrates’ students. Plato’s allegory of theRead MorePlato s The Allegory Of The Cave1965 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper I shall argue for Socrates’ notion in the Allegory of the Cave, saying that the purpose of education is not to place knowledge to the mind where there was none, but instead to recognise the already underlying existence of such insight inside the mind, and to help divert th e ones in need of teaching onto the correct path to find and retrieve such knowledge. Plato in his time was a dedicated student of Socrates, so most of Socrates â€Å"logos† and concepts heavily influenced Plato’s futureRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave910 Words   |  4 Pagesnature within them to reach their potential. Allegory is to reveal a hidden meaning, normally a moral, based on fictional stories. Plato Allegory of the Cave reminds us that the theory of Forms is real and suggests that the one with the empirical science would share his mind with the commoner in society. We must grasp the complex different types of Forms – opinion, knowledge and beauty really meant for Plato. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, Plato talks about dualism, mind (soul) and body. InRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagesflesh to satisfy the god (Ahmed 2010). All of these civilizations were interactive with their environment, but imagine if one knew only of the reality they believed inside of a cave not experiencing e vents within the real world. In Plato’s, Allegory of the Cave, he describes the scenario of prisoners kept isolated in a cave left to come up with a reality that they comprehended with the images that they saw in front of them. This applies especially to politics, because people are left to decipherRead MoreAnalyzing Plato s Allegory Of The Cave874 Words   |  4 PagesI’ll be analyzing Plato’s Allegory of the Cave through my own interpretation. An allegory is defined as â€Å"a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.† In Plato’s Republic the short excerpt The Allegory of the Cave can be viewed through multiple perspectives. Plato’s image of the cave is known as the â€Å"theory of forms†¦ The theory assumes the existence of a level of reality inhabited by ideal â€Å"forms† of all things and concepts (Revelations:Read MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Ess ay1842 Words   |  8 Pagesto find pieces about importance of our ego as well. Plato is one of the most important philosophers in western history. That brings us a question, why ego is such significant for both western and eastern philosophers and religious works? Sigmund Freud, who carried on Plato’s thinking on humanity and our society, pointed out what Plato has vaguely discussed about that the significance and impact the ego has on us. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, what the prisoners are actually experiencing the fightRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe other persons and sometimes that can get a little out of hand, depending on who you are dealing with. I guess the major point in all this is to never judge a book by its cover, always learn yourself. In Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, there are these prisoners that live in a cave and have never seen any natural sunlight. They can only see shadows of things displayed on the wall by the light coming from the fire. The prisoners get happy and interested by the shadows they see. The shadows could

Drilling in ANWR is Americas best hope Essay - 2012 Words

The United States imported 9,163,000 barrels of oil per day in 2010. Of that amount 4,885,000 barrels are imported from countries that belong to the OPEC oil cartel. (Petroleum Statistics) The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization consisting of twelve countries that have formally agreed to fix prices and dictates sales rules involving the export of oil to non-member countries. In order to lessen our dependence on OPEC oil, the United States should begin drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska. The oil reserves in ANWR are estimated to contain more than twice as much oil as the state of Texas. (Energy) Drilling for these resources will help the United States by†¦show more content†¦The red dot represents the area that has been proposed for development in ANWR OPEC has consistently held the U.S. hostage with fixed oil prices and the threat of embargos. Many of the countries that belong to OPEC are not fri endly to the United States, including: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya, and Algeria. (Weil) The U.S. has declared many of these countries to be â€Å"state sponsors of terror†; however we still purchase their oil. (Fueling Terror) Increasing the United States’ oil production would give OPEC less of an opportunity to fix prices because demand for their product would fall. The peak oil production of ANWR is estimated to be up to 1.45 million barrels per day; that’s 1.45 million barrels of oil that OPEC would have to find another buyer for. They would either have to lower prices or production as a result of the flooded market. (Hastings) Currently the United States imports 4.885 million barrels of oil from OPEC daily. If we produced 1.45 million more barrels of oil per day we could cut our OPEC imports by more than twenty-five percent. (Petroleum Statistics) At $100 dollars per barrel that would be 145 million dollars that would stay in the United States every day; instead of being sent to countries that sponsor terrorism and reject basic human rights. Oil is fifty percent of Iran’s gross domestic product, fueling their ability to procureShow MoreRelatedThe Threat Of Global Warming1779 Words   |  8 Pages(Consequences of Global Warming). Drilling in ANWR would cause horrifying situations for the wildlife ecosystem and inescapable affects on life in America and around the world, as we know it. In the National Wildlife Refuge Association’s annual report and recommendations to the US Congress, they revealed the astounding fact that, â€Å"The Artic Refuge is the only conservation system unit that protects, in an undisturbed condition, a complete spectrum of the artic ecosystem in North America† (Inkley, Kolton, p. 8)Read More America Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge5388 Words   |  22 PagesAmerica Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Thesis: If the United States is going to choose to conserve energy responsibly, then our governments energies should not be focused on developing oil in the ANWR, but rather on the topics of conservation through higher fuel efficiency standards in vehicles and by developing alternative energy sources. Conservation, fuel efficiency and alternative energy sources are the solutions that will lead us

Where Admart Went Wrong free essay sample

A revolution was taking place in the grocery store industry, and was creating the potential for drastically lower food bills for Hong Kong consumers. This was the result of Mr. Jimmy Lai Chee-ying? s latest business venture, adMart, a directmarketing company that sold groceries and electronic products through the Internet and phone-in orders, and offered free delivery service. At stake was a slice of the market worth more than HK$55 billion (US$7 billion) a year (HK Standard, 22 August 1999). Mr.Jimmy Lai had broken into other markets in the last ten years with Giordano (a casual wear chain-store), Next Magazine (a weekly magazine), and Apple Daily (a daily newspaper). But this time, he was taking on Hong Kong? s retail powerhouses, a duopoly of billionaire Mr. Li Ka-shing? s Hutchison Whampoa (Park? N Shop) and the colonial British conglomerate Jardine Matheson Holdings (Wellcome Supermarket). Other retailers had not been able to challenge the entrenched giants, largely because setting up brick and mortar stores was simply too expensive given Hong Kong? skyrocketing real-estate costs. Mr. Jimmy Lai figured that a virtual store would solve the problem and boasted that adMart would smash the status quo and bring price relief to local customers. The idea was to use the huge advertising muscle of Mr. Jimmy Lai? Next Media Group to sell products and revolutionize the grocery market. An excellent marketing strategy such as promoting adMart goods vigorously in his Apple Daily, one of Hong Kong? s two most-read newspapers, and orders could be placed by telephone, fax, or e-mail. As a result, a new brand name was developed in a short time, which forced Wellcome and Park? N Shop into a cut-throat price war. Mr. Jimmy Lai claimed that Hutchison and Jardine had warned the distributors not to sell groceries and electronics to adMart and pulled advertisements out of his Apple Daily. Although the two supermarket giants did not admit to directly competing with adMart, both acknowledged that they met adMart? s challenge by boosting advertising, slashing prices, and launching their own me-too cyber stores (Business Week, 23 October 2000). The venture into cyber-shopping was never going to be smooth for adMart. The first problem was that online transactions did not live up to expectations. At their height, only 25 percent of the orders delivered were placed on the Internet, with 65 percent coming by telephone, and 10 percent by fax (SCMP. com, 13 December 2000). Not long after it opened, adMart was plagued by product and service problems. Adding to adMart? s woes, suppliers stopped providing goods, because the company was selling products below prices agreed between the suppliers and other retailers. Hampered by a lack of quality products, adMart was forced to parallel import goods that offered little quality assurance, and reportedly made losses of between HK$50 and $60 million a month (Hong Kong iMail, 12 December 2000). After an 18-month period of intense competition, adMart ceased trading on 11 December 2000. No longer bound by time or geography, customers could shop in cyberspace around the clock. Online shopping was now becoming as common and convenient as ordering by telephone or fax. A survey conducted by AC Nielsen in June 1999 revealed that 17% of Internet users showed interest in shopping via the Internet. Books, magazines, CDs, audio and videotapes contributed to about 39 percent of total local Internet sales, followed by daily supermarket items and computer software products. According to the survey, Internet users had shown a growing interest in grocery shopping, creating demand worth HK$800 million a year. In August 2000, almost 50 percent of the people who shopped on the Internet had used it to buy food and household goods in the previous 12 months, which was up from only 20 percent in January 2000. People commonly shopped online for basic items such as rice and bulk food (SCMP. com, 10 October 2000). The average purchase value of each Internet shopper was around HK$680. 00. The benefit of shopping online was that one had more choice of goods, and could more easily compare prices between shops. The advantages of cyberspace were most significant for shopping that required a substantial amount of information, which was an area where the traditional shopping experience was rather inefficient (HK Standard, 10 May 2000). A Consumer Council survey found that about 80 percent of Internet shoppers were happy with the service that they received. However, consumer complaints related to Internet shopping had risen, and most were due to delivery problems, lost goods, misrepresentation of the goods, and overcharging (SCMP. COM, 18 October 2000). Online shopping was further advanced in January 2000 by the launch of Hong Kong? s first virtual credit card. This move by the Hang Seng Bank attracted thousands of new consumers to the Internet. The bank set a low monthly credit limit of HK$3,000 (HK Standard, 18 January 2000) to 4 ACRJ help calm the public? s well-known fear of online fraud. Indeed, the distrust of online services, and the local passion for physical shopping and bargain hunting, were seen as obstacles in the development of electronic commerce. Hong Kong shoppers wanted to touch and hold the goods they buy, and haggle for the lowest possible price. Such habits would continue to present difficulties for Hong Kong entrepreneurs wanting to replicate the success of e-commerce in Western countries. However, the adMart management group had confidence in the future of direct marketing services, as they reasoned that people in Hong Kong do not have time to shop for basic necessities, and most of them do not have vehicles to transport bulky items home. The management of adMart predicted that once the consumers began shopping online, they would never want to carry a bag of rice and 24 cans of soft drinks back home from the supermarket again.

The Italian Renaissance Essay Example

The Italian Renaissance Essay The ancestors of man were experimenting with art over 12 thousand years ago, paintings as far back as 15,000 to 10,000 BC have been found in caves.Our history of painting was slow to mature into the art we know and appreciate today. The most prolific period was the Renaissance period, with some of the best known masters being represented by this period. The Italian Renaissance was as the name implies the rebirth of painting. This does not imply that all the advances of painting came from this period but that the masters learned to combine new and old. The Italian artist Masaccio, was referred to by some as the father of Renaissance painting.Masaccio made notable advances in the styles of paintings such as perspective, space, and surrounding his subjects in light and air.Masaccio was the next great Italian painter after Giotto who died in 1337. Giotto who painted during the gothic period was able to display naturalistic human dramas and used characteristics with renaissance qualiti es. Some of these were showing figures as solid and weighty characters.Masaccio recognized what Giotto had initiated and brought it forward with other characteristics as previously mentioned. The other two artist who deserve recognition in the early part of the Italian renaissance are Brunilleschi and Donatello for their innovations in linear perspective in sculpture and architecture. An important scientific innovation by Masaccio was in the Holy Trinity with the Virgin and ST. John. The setting reveals a complete command of Brunelleschis new architecture and of scientific perspective. This barrel vaulted chamber is a place that the figures could move freely if they wished. For thefirst time in history, we are given all the needed data to measure the depth of this painted interior. We note that all the lines perpendicular to the picture plane converge upon a point below the foot of the cross, on the platform that supports the kneeli

Le Bon and Freud Essays

Le Bon and Freud Essays Le Bon and Freud Essay Le Bon and Freud Essay Essay Topic: Sociology Le Bon was of the opinion that when people joined large, relatively unstructured social groups, they sometimes engaged in spontaneous and atypical collective behaviour. Le Bon suggests that crowds are ruled by a collective mind, and that contagion causes crowd members to experience similar thoughts and emotions. Freud, on the other hand, argues that individuals, by joining crowds, can satisfy some basic needs for membership, hostility, and so on. Both of these theories are still popular today but lacking empirical evidence we strive to find more tangible theories that can be tested. Several theories have been developed since these accounts such as de-individuation, emergent norm theory and social identity theory and this essay will look at these theories and try to assess whether or not they are better than Le Bon and Freuds theories which lack any scientific basis. Le Bon, the author of The Crowd was writing during a time of incipient social progress when the masses were wreaking havoc across France. Being a member of the bourgeoisie this situation worried Le Bon and he wanted to cure the disorders brought about by the masses. He found the answer in psychology and the discovery of a crowd soul. Le Bon, in his work, rejected all three of the popular views of the time that the crowd was mad, criminal or antisocial and mainly inhabited by the people at the lower end of the social spectrum for the idea that a man, irrelevant of his social standing, once in a group would lose his personal characteristics and the personalities in the group would fuse together. The characteristics of the crowd are savagery, primitive and uncivilised because the individual is no longer acting consciously but unconsciously as the people are a collective mass. He described the collective state as being similar to that of a hypnotic state, an idea later harnessed by Freud. To merge into the collective state Le Bon cites the physical presence of the crowd as crucial and has developed from this his Law of the mental unity of crowds. The physical presence of others delivers anonymity giving the individual invincible power and takes away the persons sense of responsibility. His second idea is that, like a virus or bacteria, ideas, feelings and emotions spread rapidly throughout a crowd and individuals are quickly infected with the disease, this is the theory of contagion. Thirdly, theres the concept of suggestibility and happens when the crowd is in the collective state. This is open to exploitation when the person has lost his conscious personality and is open to all the suggestion that the crowd suggests. These three phenomenon release our animal nature and free us from social and moral constraints, what Le Bon calls latent processes. This perceived loss of self has developed into what later thinkers have called de-individuation. Le Bon sees the collective behaviour as primitive and devoid of reason or culture and links it to acting at the level of racial unconscious. Other psychologists have on the other hand proposed the idea that the collective mind is not necessarily as negative as Le Bon portrays believing the crowd to be capable of great acts of altruism and unselfishness. Many of the earlier social psychologists have coined similar ideas to Le Bon. Tarde for example sees physical closeness as crucial as social life of individual is based on imitation, similar to Le Bons anonymity idea. The close proximity of the crowd is therefore the most extreme example of this imitation behaviour. Mc Dougal takes the view that similarity between group members, predominantly constitutional and racial will determine how fast ideas spread through crowds, a theory of contagion. Trotter believed that humans behaved similarly to animals in that they were very open to the opinion of the leader. Freud, whose theory on crowds initiated from Le Bons places great emphasis on the role of the leader. Also writing during a time of political and social turbulence, Freud was hoping to understand the causes of the very real problems of the day namely anti-Semitic feeling and a tendency to follow demagogues who, to Freud, were obviously untrustworthy. Freud felt that suggestibility was still crucial and that it is an irreducible, primitive phenomenon. Freud, similarly to Le Bon, believed that psychic factors are crucial. The unconscious becomes unlocked and members of the crowd become bound by their love for the leader. The leader is usually a charismatic individual who may be perceived as a father figure. The Freudian model of the psyche, the id, ego and superego (sub-conscious, conscious and super-conscious) are all at play in the crowd situation. The superego, which represents moral and civilised aspects of the psyche, is renounced to the leader. This leaves the Id to dominate the mind resulting in primitive and uncivilised behaviour. The leader will provide a group ideal and the crowd will inevitably follow. Freud likens this leadership control to that of a hypnotist. The adoption of the new ideals causes the self to change dramatically and it shifts from individual self to a group self where all members can identify with each other. It would seem, having looked at the theories of Le Bon and Freud that they are very comprehensive nevertheless there are many criticisms that have been made of both of their theories. The most important criticism of both Freud and Le Bon is that they lack empirical evidence to support their proposals. Due to the nature of the theories we are unable to verify them, as access to the unconscious is impossible. Both men also describe the behaviour of the crowd as primitive but neither considers the often-unselfish nature of the crowd, a definite positive aspect. Le Bon has been criticised for cementing together ideas of other theories such as contagion and can be vague and of mediocre quality. A further criticism would be his biased interpretation of crowds. Le Bon sees the crowd as a force for social evil and incorporates his fascist ideology into his work. It is also evident that the social context in which he is writing also affects his objectivity and he talks of the revolution in a crude way. There are many aspects of Freuds work that are also vague. For instance, Freud sees the leader as fundamental to the changing of the individuals psyche to that of the group self but this theory is problematic insofar as not all crowds have leaders. Another loophole is that many people demonstrate the characteristics that Freud describes for being susceptible to crowds but do not, in practice, succumb to the crowd. From the basis of both Freud and Le Bon there have been many psychologists who have attempted to rectify the problems cited above and in doing so have developed theories of their own. The most obvious of these is the theory of de-individuation which has developed from Le Bon blueprint of anonymity. De-individuation means the loss of personal identity and many studies have been carried which support the theory. De-individuation differs from Le Bons theory in the way that the indiviaual isnt seen as losing the mind to the collective but that the loss of individuality leads to a total loss of control. This loss of control culminates in the release of the individual from internal moral restraints and generates behaviour that is impulsive, irrational, emotional, regressive and intense. Research by Festinger, Pepitone andNewcomb (1952) made small groups of subjects discusses their feelings towards their parents. They found that the less individual subjects viewed themselves and each other the more rash and daring were their contributions to the conversation. Singer, Brush and Lublin (1965) conducted a study where subjects had to talk about erotic literature. They found that those wearing lab coats and thus seen as non-identifiable used more obscene language than the more identifiable subjects. Both of these studies demonstrate that people, when de-individuated will behave differently and Singer attributed theses finding to reduced feelings of self-consciousness and distinctiveness. Le Bon (1985) went on to say that people would behave in more extreme ways in crowds because they lose their sense of identity. Zimbardo believes that the crowd provides a cloak of anonymity and diffuses personal responsibility for the consequences of an individuals actions. He details two types of behaviour, individuated, when behaviour is rational, controlled and consistent with personal norms and de-individuated behaviour, which acts on primitive impulses, is anti social, unrestrained. He believes that this behaviour is caused by being a member of a crowd or when wearing a uniform as loss of individual identity and a reduced concern for social evaluation. Zimbardo (1969) has carried out several experiments on de-individuation and anonymity. One experiment showed that de-individuated people (in this case they were dressed in lab coats and hoods) had a stronger tendency towards aggressive behaviour (e. . total duration of shocking was twice as much for the de-individuated group compared to the identifiable condition). Another experiment that Diener (1976) made in the same area was on a group of Belgian soldiers. However, the result was the reverse- the soldiers had a shorter shocking time than the normal people did. It has been said that this is due to the fact that the soldiers were already de-individuated before the test as they are already members of a group, the army. When they put on a lab coat and a hood (and away from their fellow soldiers) they suddenly became more self-aware than they were before. Diener believed that dressing up in these silly costumes might have made them more self-conscious rather then less. He sees the key to de-individuation as losing self-awareness. Further research observed more than a thousand children on Halloween. They found that those whod given their names to the householder or who wore costumes that didnt allow anonymity were less likely to steal sweets from the bowl when briefly left alone. Diener was concerned with how de-individuation came about. Anonymity doesnt directly lead to it because, as Hogg demonstrates, a bank robber is anonymous but yet very conspicuous. This conspicuousness is found more often in small groups or when there are many observers. Instead, Diener focused, as mentioned above, on self-awareness whereas previously focus of studies was on anonymity in the group and this was seen as the most important factor to de-individuation. Self-awareness means a person is the object of ones own attention particularly private self awareness which is reduced awareness of ones private thoughts and feelings. This attention on the self, to things such as ones attitudes and norms, increases the capability for self-regulation. Nonetheless Classical and contemporary views agree on the main thrust of the de-individuation hypothesis being that he psychological state of de-individuation brings about anti-normative and dis-inhibited behaviour. As with most theories de-individuation is also open to criticism. Despite considerable research and development of ideas, it is too simplistic. Many of the studies, which it uses to prop itself-up are lab-based. More naturalistic studies are needed to increase the ecological validity of the theory. The theory can also be criticised for ignoring coherence of crowd behaviour as crowds frequently behave in the same manner. At football matches, for example, component people are not the same yet the behaviour demonstrated is always very similar. Another theory that has developed, In contrast to Le Bons contagion theory, is the convergence theory. As demonstrated, Le Bon thought that crowds were run by a collective mind and the individual thoughts changed radically. According to the convergence theory, the people who join a group often have similar needs and personal characteristics as the group. Instead of changing the self into the group collective the individual is, essentially, already what the group is. A further modern, contradictory theory to that of Le Bons s Tuner and Killians (1972) emergent norm theory. Contrary to Le Bon, who believes an individual loses himself in the crowd, becoming mindless, in emergent norm theory the crowd is another type of a group and the behaviour demonstrated by the crowd is a type of group behaviour, just more extreme. The idea is that group processes creates order and purpose amongst the crowd and norms spread quickly and are adopted by all crowd members but, contrary to contagion theory, the differences are illustrated between individual and group behaviour by looking at the different norms. New norms emerge in collective situations through the observation of the distinctive action of group leaders. Behaviour of the crowd comes from the social norms of a crowd. People are motivated by a desire for social reinforcement and approval, and are scared of being rejected or as being perceived as an outsider. The norm must be specific to the situation to some degree-hence emergent norm. (Turner) A major criticism of this theory is presented by Deiner (1980) is that a crowd that acts normally would have to be self aware but being in a group, as his personal research demonstrates, reduces self awareness, rendering the whole theory void. The theory, as Reicher points out, also fails, similar to de-individu ation theory, there is no account as to why crowd action is unified and doesnt dissolve into sub-groups. Reicher developed his own theory, social identity theory; whereby individuals take on the social identity of the crowd and conform to the normative behaviour of that crowd via referent informational influence. This theory does not remove responsibility of an individuals behaviour in a crowd situation, rather shows that the control of the crowd lies with the individual as they have identified with the crowd norms and taken them on as their own, and consequently their consent in their social identity as a crowd member. There are three key ideas that are central to the theory, categorisation, identification and comparison. Categorisation is the tendency by humans to categorise things, including people, as a means to understanding the world. These categories can be things such as religion, race, occupation and by doing this we can identify with who we are like and find things out about ourselves. What behaviour is appropriate is then defined by reference to the groups we belong to. If someone belongs to a group that we dont belong then we will never identify with them. The second idea of identification has two meanings. Firstly that we identify ourselves as being in an individual or as being a group member and which way we classify our self depends on the situation that we are in. When we consider our self to be a group member we call this social identity. When thinking of our self as a unique individual this is referred to as personal identity. Group membership is not something foreign, which is tacked onto the person; it is a real and vital part of the person. The groups that you identify with are in-groups and those you dont identify with are out groups. The other meaning implied by the concept of identity is the idea that we are the same or identical to the other people. This doesnt mean literally but for identification purposes those who are members of the same groups as us are the same/similar E. g. during a war the enemy are all the same and treated the same way and deemed deserving of death. The third idea in social identity theory is the idea of comparison. This is when we evaluate ourselves in relation to others. By looking to others groups we can higher our self-esteem, which in turn leads to a positive image of the self, which is essential to healthy functioning. By identifying ourselves as being in a group we then learn the norms of that group and can find out what the limits of the group are. In order to test his theory, Reicher conducted some experiments to test how attitudes change when social identity is prevalent. One of his investigations found that social science students were more antivivisection and science students more pro-vivisection when they were divided in their respective subject groups than when they were mixed together. He found that personal identity is replaced in a group situation by social identity. Reicher also analysed data from the St. Pauls riots which occurred in Bristol and found that people identified with one another and because of this they adhered to the norms of the group because they were adopted as their own. In conclusion, it seems that older theories such as Le Bon and Freud are relevant today as they provide a strong theoretical basis from which we can develop our own theories of the crowd. However, the very theoretical nature of them is what makes the more recent theories much viable and realistic as both Freud and Le Bon use concepts that we will never be able to verify such as the unconscious mind. In contrast, more recent studies are supported with empirical evidence that can lead to only one conclusion, they are better theories. The nature of crowds however, means that future research will be difficult to undertake, as studies cannot be recreated in the lab due to the sheer volume of people needed.

Shale gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Shale gas - Essay Example the middle of crisis; an economy struggling with a huge debt problems in the wake of a deadly financial meltdown as well as the damages caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita to the U.S. Gulf natural gas supply infrastructure adding fodder to the skyrocketing crude oil prices in the world market. That although the recession that began with the global financial crisis, fine-tuned by the catastrophic events mentioned, had their effects in lowering the demand for natural gas, the supply of shale gas production, which increased tenfold between 2005 and 2010, tremendously slashed the natural gas prices, in effect boosting/repairing demand in almost all sectors damaged by the unfortunate events above. To be specific, the wellhead prices for US natural gas currently trading at approximately 4 USD/Mbtu was as high as 8 USD/Mbtu and above prior to 2008; a tremendous improvement of the affordability of the commodity irrespective of the final consumer (Spencer, et al. 16). More generally, shale gas has displaced the more expensive and costly sources of energy such as coal, in effect, spurring investments in energy intensive sectors of the economy. Accordingly, hundreds of thousands of new jobs have been created either directly or indirectly by â€Å"reshoring† plants established abroad due to escalating costs on the same and substantially lowering the cost of capital and/or operational costs for fresh businesses; the ready availability of a cheap energy source, massively reducing the US net imports of oil and gas, has more than assured investments of a steady flow of energy with stable prices, thus, ensuring a steady rebounding of employments levels that suffered heavy blows after the events already mentioned (Spencer, et al. 16-17). There are currently more than 20 major facilities for the production of shale gas either under construction or on their final planning phases, all in efforts to use natural gas as fuel; a fact that has boosted inve stors confidence to the effect

What is International Marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is International Marketing - Coursework Example and the management has configured its successful entry into major Asian countries such as China, and European countries such as France (Zou, & Fu, 2011:60). Joe’s Ice Cream has functioning manufacturing facilities overseas, and there are ongoing coordinating successful marketing strategies across the globe. Joe’s Ice Cream marketers must look forward to understanding the current and potential environment that their product can do well (Bennett, 2008:102). In reviewing its situational strategies, Joe’s Ice Cream has its strengths to exploit (Leeds Metropolitan University 2010: 12). The superior technology has given Joe’s Ice Cream a better platform to meet their growing customers’ desire for ice cream in myriad ways. This has ensured that its competitors cannot imitate their current technology hence retaining Joe’s Ice Cream as a unique brand in the market. Instead of targeting only its current market, Joe’s Ice Cream is required to keep on targeting new markets and customers internationally in order to grow their business. In addition, Joe’s Ice Cream is a strong brand name, which has boosted and created a major strength to the company (Czinkota, & Ronkainen, 2013:150). The company has continually exploited this brand through charging hi gher prices for their products as customers continue to place higher additional value in the discrete brand of Joe’s Ice Cream. Because of the strong management tactics and their ability to make use of cost advantage maneuvers, Joe’s Ice Cream continues to expand in the international market as a unique company. On another level, Joe’s Ice Cream has an unmatched opportunity through the availability of the fragmented market. The management has been able to fragment its international markets, hence creating diverse opportunities for the sale of Joe’s Ice Cream and its products (Keillor, 2007:70). In addition, this has expanded and increased its market share opening the window for a sustainable cost advantage.

Interpersonal, Group and Collective Behavior Dynamics Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal, Group and Collective Behavior Dynamics Essay Enron is a company that is faced with financial instability but continues to run on dubious dealings including misrepresenting their true financial position (Cohan, 2002). This is done to save the public image of the company hence avoiding the risk of losing investors. American International Group (AIG) is also in a serious financial crisis following cases of mismanagement (FRB, 2009). We shall make a comparison of the group dynamics and internal politics within these two companies. The companies exhibited an element of information blockage. This is holding back adverse news from the public until the last possible moment. This is usually a deliberate act with the aim of maintaining a good public image. It is however followed by lawsuits, hate mails or even death threats from unhappy investors. In Enron’s case, the senior executives withheld any information about financial crisis from the public until it collapsed (Cohan, 2002). AIG maintained a ‘business as usual’ image in the public despite its liquidity issues (FRB, 2009). Motivation to lie or deliberately concealing the truth in an organization was evident in the two companies. The corporate officers do not disclose the truth especially when this truth may put the company into bankruptcy or cost them their jobs. In the case of Enron the lies were inform of hard data, lying about accounting results and a stream of earnings (Williamson, 1970). Questionable accounting practices were meant to hide huge losses that the company suffered. AIG had its share of deliberate lies when it valued its A-A and sub prime property at 1. 7; twice the value used by Lehman. The issue of the board’s oversight function and the business judgment rule is also fairly evident in the two companies he board of directors act as if they are entitled to rely on the honesty and integrity of their subordinates until something wrong happens (Crag Rebecca, 1996) . The directors of Enron were totally unaware of the severity of the company’s financial crisis until its collapse. A directors were too ignorant of the liquidity problem to the extend of planning for a lavish retreat for themselves. The subordinate managers have persuasive interest in concealing the bad news. This is meant to avoid or delay personal embarrassment and other associated risks such as the likelihood of a price drop in its shares. In Enron, individual executives who decided to hide the dubious partnership feared erosion of status (Cohan, 2002). They felt that they needed to protect both their self and external image. The same case was evident in AIG, where the subordinate managers saw the need for over costing their assets to redeem their image. Overconfidence and optimism is displayed in the two companies by the senior executives especially in press releases. Overconfidence creates a strong image for any company in the eyes of the public. Executives who are overconfident and optimistic are considered to be successful managers. This is because they are able to persuade and influence people even in the face of a crisis. The executives in Enron and AIG were also in the bid of making a name for themselves. Senior executives assured employees would continuously rise even in the event of financial instability in Enron. The chief executive officer in AIG assured investors that they would still get their bonuses even as the company was being bailed out (FRB, 2009). Corporate ‘culture’ cannot be ruled out in the management of the two companies. This refers to the norms of the company which are well known to the management and the subordinate employees. They supersede other business or ethical laws in case of a conflict. Cynism as a corporate culture fosters the breaking of rules as a means to succeed. Ethical rules are under enforced with the focus being to maximize profits. The Enron and AIG were caught up in this culture when they faced a financial crisis. They misrepresented their debts and assets respectively in the company’s sheet so as to reflect high profits and attract investors (Cohan, 2002). All this is done in total disregard for accounting ethics. Myopic information within the organization is also prevalent in the two companies. This might be due to our limited cognitive capabilities but more so because the executives are too busy to deal with abundant data. They prefer sifting this data and extracting only what is relevant. They may also be lacking the skill to analyze and understand the data as was the case of Enron’s former chairman Mr. Kenneth Lay. The directors in AIG and Enron, focused on information that confirmed their prior attitudes of leading institutions in the market. They disregarded any disconfirming information of possible collapse or liquidity issues. This is normally referred to as cognitive dissonance. It is usually difficult to change these beliefs as one is seen as a threat to the company’s status quo. Ms. Watkins, an employee in Enron became such a threat by warning a senior manager of a possible collapse (Cohan, 2002). A chief executive officer’s proposal in AIG was ignored on the same basis (FRB, 2009). Intimidation of subordinate employees by the senior employees is prevalent in Enron but not in AIG. In Enron, investigations against Mr. Andrew a former chief financial officer and other senior officers who were involved in fraud cases did not happen since no one was confident enough to confront them (Cohan, 2002). In AIG the accounting scandal is thoroughly investigated and no one is spared including a former chairman of the board. REFERENCES: Federal Reserve Bank. (2009). History and development of AIG. Retrieved May 26,2009, from http://www. federalbank. orf/history/development. pdf Herbert, A. S. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. John, A. C. (2002). †I didn’t know† and â€Å"I was only doing my job†. Has corporate governance careened out of control? A case study of Enron’s information myopia. Journal of Business Ethics, 40 (3),275-299. Paul Z. Janet A. (1997). The social influence of confidence in group decision making.

The Spanish Revolution :: essays research papers

Ever since the fall of 1930 when the Spanish Revolution began there has been no surcease of the struggle in Spain. For a long time there was a deadlock of forces, an equilibrium in the tug of war between the property holders and the destitute. Now the equilibrium is being definitely broken. The issue before Spain is either Communism or Fascism. The matter is being fought out not with ballots but with bullets and ruthless civil war. Slowly the political revolution is being definitively turned into a social revolution. From the very beginning, the mass of workers of Spain, both in the city and in the country were the decisive elements. When the students rioted before the universities in 1930 it was only when the workers joined them with a vast general strike that the regime of the military dictator, Primo de Rivera, fell and the temporary regime of General Berenguer set up. When General Berenguer tried to hold fake elections without extending the franchise to all, it was another general strike that overthrew the regime, compelled new elections, forced the king to flee and established the republic in April 1931. At this point the Syndicalist and Anarchist workers began to miscalculate their forces. Syndicalism and Anarchism, in spite of their revolutionary phraseology were able only to overthrow the old regime and to allow the new democratic republic to be set up; but these movements could not go forward to the positive constructive tasks of setting up the rule of the workers. These antiquated movements were good enough to accomplish the negative and critical tasks of overthrowing an antiquated monarchy; they did not know how to deal with a modern bourgeois republic. In the course of the revolutionary movement there was set up what in fact amounts to a dual power, the masses respecting the authority of the unions and the revolutionary organizations, the government being forced at times to yield to the opinions of these mass organizations on vital questions. At one time the bourgeois government was even forced to declare that Spain was a workers republic and to feign friendliness toward the Soviet Union. The leaders of the toilers' organizations, however, did not know what to do with their power. The lending groups were composed of four principal elements: the Anarchists, the Syndicalists, the Socialists and the Communists. The Anarchists were powerful enough within the trade union movement to exercise decisive influence for a time upon the whole situation.

Poverty in Canada Essay

Despite having one of the highest  standards of living among all the developed nations, and despite being voted numerous times in recent years by the United Nations as the best country in the world in which to live, experts agree that poverty is prevalent in Canada today. Unfortunately, that is more or less where the agreement ends. Exactly how prevalent and how serious a problem poverty is in Canada is an open question that has been hotly debated for the last 10 years. There have been two times in the past 300 years when economic structural changes have occurred in the world that have been so massive and so far-reaching, that the impact on societies has been nothing short of monumental. The first time was in the Industrial Revolution which began in the early 1700s and caused massive societal transformations, especially in the western world, changing life from agrarian-based societies to industrial-based societies. The second time was in the early 1980s with the beginning of the â€Å"Information Revolution.† Today, a rapid, world-wide, economic transformation is taking place that is changing our societies from industrial-based societies to information-based societies, the 3rd wave. These changes are part of a greater phenomenon called â€Å"globalization† . The improvement in technology lead to a desire to make trades with other countries, and therefore allowing foreign companies to sell in Canada and thereby compete with Canadian companies, and vice versa (â€Å"Laisser faire, laisser passer† – Adam Smith).This increased competition lead to ever greater pressures on Canadian companies to reduce their costs of producing goods. Companies closed down and went looking in third world countries because labour is cheaper. At the same time, technology was replacing human labour; employees lost their jobs, being replaced by machines that could do the job faster and more efficiently. This eliminated the manufacturing, low-to-medium skills, well-paying jobs, which didn’t require a very high level of education. While now, our labour markets into high-skills, high-paying jobs on one end of the spectrum, and low-skills, low-paying jobs  on the other end. Therefore, one way would be for people have to get a better education to get a better job, get better money, and get themselves out of poverty, which runs along the views of Plato. But who are the poor in Canada? Are there any identifiable persons or groups who are more likely to be poor than others? Is age a factor? What about gender, race? What about geographical factors? Does living in certain parts of the country make you more likely to be poor than living in other parts? According to Smith, there is in every society an absolute minimum standard of living which consists of survival necessities (shelter, food and clothes), plus additional non-survival necessities as determined by each society’s customs (such as owning a linen shirt and a pair leather shoes in his day). Together these necessities meet not only a person’s basic survival needs, but also allow that person to participate in society with dignity and without the shame and stigma often attached to being poor. To allow any person to live below this minimum standard would, to use Smith’s term, render that society â€Å"indecent.† The following studies have been made by Kevin Lee from the Canadian Council on Social Development: â€Å"1. From 1990 to 1995 the total number of poor people in Canada increased dramatically. During this period, Canada’s total population increased by 6.1 percent, whereas the population of those considered poor increased by 28.6 percent, far outstripping the overall growth. 2. Poverty is largely an urban phenomenon. In 1990, 66.6 percent of the poor population in Canada lived in metropolitan centers. 70 percent of all poor people live in Montreal, Vancouver or Toronto. Between 1990 and 1995, poverty rates rose in every city examined. 3. Poverty rates varied substantial between cities. Cities in Quebec had the highest poverty rates while cities in southern Ontario had the lowest. For example, Montreal had the highest rate in Canada, 2.5 times higher than Oakville, which had the lowest rate. 4. Certain population groups were more likely to be poor than others. These included: * Single-parent families, whose poverty rate was 2.45 times higher than the average. * Aboriginal persons, whose poverty rate was 2.26 times higher than the average. * Recent immigrants, whose poverty rate was 2.17 times higher than the average. * Visible minorities, whose poverty rate was 1.53 times higher than the average. * Persons with disabilities, whose poverty rate was 1.47 times higher than the average. 5. Poverty rates varied considerably according to age and gender. The young and the elderly are more likely to experience poverty. The incidence of poverty declines with age until age 45 to 54, after which it rises again. Women in every age groups are more likely to live in poverty, and women seniors above age 75 are the most like of any group. Among males, boys up to age 14 had the highest poverty rate. Children and youth made up one third of the total poor population. 6. Poverty rates varied based on education levels. As expected, in every city examined persons with less than high school education were more likely to be poor than those with a post-secondary level education. However, at least 6 percent of post-secondary graduates in every city lived in poverty, and in six cities that rate was over 20 percent. 7. Poverty rates varied based on occupational skills levels. As expected, persons with lower skills levels had a higher incidence of poverty, however  high-skills workers still had high poverty rates in some cities. For example, in Montreal almost 20 percent of high-skills workers were living in poverty as compared to 4.5 percent in Gloucester or Burlington. 8. The average income for working-age families in Canada was $60,400. 9. The average income for working-age â€Å"poor† families in Canada was $14,500.† Taken from http://www.ccsd.ca/pubs/2000/up/ But another question prevails here: How should we help them? Canada has been using a lot of different methods to try and help them. We can find numerous shelters for the homeless, which also provides them with food and water. All this is free for them, but it’s not helping them get out of poverty, it is like a breathing device for them. Without it, they would die. There are other people who do have a home, as humble as it might be, but they are having troubles paying for it, since they cannot find a job. The government supplies those people with an amount of money weekly. This is called the Welfare system, but it is not working as well as in Sweden. This may be because the people are taking this money, and instead of spending it on food and vital needs, some of them go and buy cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs. On the other hand, some people are wisely investing it in education, and vital needs. This makes us wonder if our tax money is being spent wisely. Should the government tax the working people to give and income to the non-working people? There are many points of view about this subject. We may think that it is unfair that you are working to help them, without getting anything in return. We may feel like we are being obliged to care for the less well off. But in fact, by giving them little boost, they are helping us back. If they get a chance at a better education, they could get a job, or even open their own company, which would create employment, and in its turn would increase consumption, and make the economy go round. We would all benefit from this. If this starts off, there would be enough jobs for everyone, thus getting the present poor people out of poverty and help the next generation be poverty free. Of course I am exaggerating, there would  never be 0% poverty, but there might be a possibility of a 100% educated population. Once this has been reached, more innovations will be accessible, and the updated Adam Smith wo uld come in play: â€Å"Laisser innover†, also known as R&D. This could help in many ways, a good example would be space technology. The exploration of space has, ever since it began in 1962 with the launch of Yuri Gagarin, been a controversial subject among the peoples of this planet. The controversy surrounds the spending of billions and billions of dollars on the pursuits of space exploration. The thread of the most common argument against space is that there are more pressing problems here on our planet such as pollution, overcrowding, disease, poverty etc. that this money could be spent on. Will taking moneys from space exploration and investing more money in these immediate problems help them? There is no doubt that by investing more in these problems that there will be measurable improvements in all problems. In fact given a conscious effort to spend wisely any problem could be helped. So the question becomes does space exploration help this planet? Can exploring space on its own justify the investment? The most obvious area where space exploration has benefited our immediate lives is right in every ones own living room. The television newscasts which you watch have been more than likely been transmitted via satellite. The satellite has also allowed trans-continental telephone calls, emergency tracking and a host of other uses. These are measurable benefits in the present, but the question begs as to why we spend money on theoretical research on quasars, missions to the moon, and experimental technologies which seem like science fiction to most people. The answer to this question lies in the benefit of space exploration that we see today, that is, in satellite communications. More than thirty years ago when Sputnik was first launched that was deemed a marvel of science and technology, almost science fiction. No one person could foresee the benefits that could be gleaned from the launch of this simple spherical metal ball which bounced radio signals back to earth. The point here is that the investment in this project paid off, in what we see today in the form of TV  news, phone calls and direct broadcasting television. It is important to point out that the Sputnik launch and all other attempts including the American Echo project were good investments but there are space projects which failed miserably such as the Russian attempt at building a Super Booster, now called Energia. Millions of dollars were wasted in this failed project. What I am trying to illustrate is that there are good and bad ideas, good and bad investments not only in space exploration but in any field of science. This is what drives the advancement of knowledge. Space exploration in the broadest sense gives us the future. It is an investment not for the short term but for the long term. It allows us to study different environments, allows technology to develop and allows ideas to be tested. No one can argue that Sputnik was not a wise investment so how can we possibly know that sending missions to the moon is not. The responsibility lies with us to determine what is important and worth pursuing.

Does homosexuality harm the institution of marriage

Does homosexuality harm the institution of marriage? YES! The institution of marriage is unique. It is the one institution that binds women and men together to form a family, and this serves broad societal purposes. â€Å"Homosexual activists argue that same-sex marriage is a civil rights issue similar to the struggle for racial equality in the 1960s.† (Richie, 2014) This is false. First of all, sexual behavior and race are virtually different realities. A man and a woman wanting to marry may by different in their characteristic: one may be black, the other white; one rich, the other poor; or one tall, the other short. None of these differences are impassable barrier to marriage. The two individuals are still man and woman, and thus the†¦show more content†¦This rule is confirmed by the evident difficulties faced by the many children who are orphans or are raised by a single parent, a relative, or a foster parent. The unfortunate situation of these children will be the module for all children of a same-sex marriage. A child of a same-sex marriage will always be denude of either a mother or a father role model. Same-sex marriage ignores a child’s best interests. (Ritchie, 2 014) In addition, it does not create a family but a naturally sterile union. To prevent the birth of children by using contraception, traditional marriage is usually so fecund that those who would obstruct its end must do force to nature. On the contrary, same-sex marriage is unable to bear children. If the spouses want a child, they must avoid nature by costly and artificial means or employ surrogates. Therefore, we cannot call a same-sex union marriage and give it the benefit of true marriage. Furthermore, it is not special of anyone can get married. It denigrates and distinguish against religious beliefs that marriage is between on man and one woman before God. God is good enough reason. Gay are imposing their beliefs on others. They are not a suspect class and have not been marginalized, so they do not deserve special treatment under law. The fact that they have enough money to influence legislation and affect court decisions to promote and impose their beliefs on others proves thatSh ow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Andrew Sullivan s Article Why Gay Marriage Is Good For Straight America 1621 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle â€Å"Why Gay Marriage is Good for Straight America.† He is an experienced publicist, and he is homosexual. Sullivan argues that every person has the right to get married disregarding his or her orientation. Richard Rodriguez who is also a famous publicist composed â€Å"Family Values.† Like Sullivan, he is homosexual and he discusses it in his work. 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