Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin Free Essays

In â€Å"Black Like Me† by John Howard Griffin recognizes how peace promotion incredibly changes after he experiences an intense way of life change to find reality of how individuals are arranged by their skin shading and not their own character. Griffin experiences an examination so as to permit him to contemplate and expand on racial limits that despite everything exist during the 1950†³s. Griffin, very quickly acknowledges isolation and low confidence brought about by the sentiment of being detested because of the shade of your skin. We will compose a custom exposition test on Dark Like Me by John Howard Griffin or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The peace making in the book changes radically after his shade is changed and he is no longer piece of a special white American culture, and now he his piece of a despised society because of physical contrasts that cause them to appear to be substandard compared to the rule race. Griffin†s peace making style enormously changes after he experiences his test. Toward the start of his excursion, he was forceful, and took things for rock, for example, eating in cafés and utilizing open offices. After he changes his pigmentation it changes his refereeing because of what he is capitulated to in light of the adjustment in the variety of his skin shading. The main peace promotion abilities he had were the ones he learned by watching other people who were adjusted to the Society. For example, â€Å"blacks consider themselves to be sub-par compared to whites due to the general public they live in†. For instance, † on the transport ride to Mississippi, Griffin experiences a man who dark outwardly, and attempts to consider himself part of the white culture and expectations when he passes on, the white piece of his spirit will go to heaven†. Griffin peace promotion is latent at long last simply because he is watching and he doesn†t need to cause to notice himself, which may push him into difficulty. Griffin†s peace making is subjective in light of the fact that he is no longer what he was before the analysis and realizes he will need to live like a dark male for the remainder of his common life. Step by step instructions to refer to Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin, Essay models

The Characteristics of Main Modes of Transport in India and Australia Assignment

The Characteristics of Main Modes of Transport in India and Australia - Assignment Example The vehicle modes help a country to accomplish its kin and cargo to accomplish most extreme versatility. These days, most vehicle frameworks are competent to deal with both cargo and traveler traffic. Here, the endeavor is to look at the principle transport methods of India, a creating nation in Asia; and Australia, a created nation and a differing mainland without anyone else. In addition, the paper endeavors to examine and to clarify the purpose for the distinction in the improvement of transport modes in these nations. Muehlich and Hamacher mirrors that: â€Å"global traveler and cargo transportation exercises, utilization levels of powers utilized for transportation purposes† (2006) the distinction in transport mode in various nations is a direct result of the connection with traveler and cargo exercises and the distinction in fuel utilization level. Theory proclamation: Comparison between the vehicle methods of India and Australia, and examination of the explanation for the distinction of transport modes. In India, transport modes assume a noteworthy job in financial turn of events and provide food the requirements of above 1.1 billion individuals. The vehicle framework in the South Eastern and South Western pieces of the nation is far superior than different parts. The street organize is the spine/life saver of the nation. World Bank Independent Evaluation Group mirrors that: â€Å"Since 2000, transport request has moved among transport modes, mostly to the upside of street transport† (World Bank Independent Evaluation Group 2007) the year 2000 shows a gigantic move in transport request in India. For example, in the year 1997, income from the street organize comprises of 4.4 percent of GDP. Be that as it may, the individuals who live in remote towns get less access to every climate street and they become segregated from different pieces of the nation in rainstorm seasons. The rail arrange is the longest and fourth intensely utilized framework in the world.â

Nursing Human Dignity and Capital Punishment

Question: Examine about the Nursing for Human Dignity and Capital Punishment. Answer: Presentation The demonstration of the death penalty is considered as a complex basic issue that includes alternate points of view as far as human poise. The focal point of the investigation is to comprehend alternate points of view identified with the multidimensional human nobility while rehearsing the death penalty as a worldwide system to control wrongdoing. The fundamental right of human pride is the option to live and the death penalty upsets this privilege to life making human nobility as an objective. Along these lines, human pride is considered as generally delicate and basic wonder in the death penalty (Duwell, 2011). Conley (2013) expressed that death penalty gives an unsure position to one individual to end the life of another person just as starting torment, merciless act and discipline that is against the part of human pride. In any case, in the perspective of communist and republicans, the death penalty or capital punishment is additionally considered as a demonstration ensuring the human respect by rebuffing the wrongdoing hurting human poise. Accordingly, this mind boggling understanding identified with human poise perspectives in the death penalty makes it an issue of discussion (Latzer, 2010). The article includes a clarification and examination on three alternate points of view identified with a comprehension of human pride in the death penalty issue. Human respect is a multidimensional marvel that includes various articulations, perspectives, angles, convictions and conventional bases. The principal point of view demonstrates that human respect is an intrinsic factor that can never be detracted from people, independent of dehumanizing procedures utilized in the death penalty to hurt the acquired human poise and these techniques neutralize the human pride. The subsequent viewpoint expresses that flexibility and compassion towards human pride ought to be considered as a piece of the death penalty where each individual ought to get an opportunity to build up a positive picture, thinking of it as a human right. Notwithstanding, the third viewpoint plays an exacting job that conflicts with the compassion and sympathy showing that social and good wrongdoings should bring about severe disciplines regardless of guilty parties respect. The examination includes a basic clarification on these three multidimensional points of view clarifying human poise in the death penalty issue. Point of view 1 1. In this dehumanization point of view, it is shown that dehumanizing systems utilized in the death penalty preclude the human pride from securing a guilty party in the death row. This point of view of dehumanization can be connected with the intersubjective quadrant of human poise. There are distinctive dehumanizing systems utilized in enactment to make an understanding that death penalty is over all the parts of human respect (Latzer, 2010). In the gave perusing of Conley (2013) creator examined the dehumanizing techniques actualized in Texas the death penalty process. The hearers of the enactment framework is Texas use language, physical separation, social and enthusiastic separation as dehumanizing techniques to ignore the wrongdoers human respect. This physical, enthusiastic and phonetic separation makes disavowal for compassion saddling the human respect preferring more towards execution of capital punishment as opposed to understanding the wrongdoing. In the gave contextual investigation, utilization of military-style security move for Chan and Myuran by Indonesian government was one such dehumanizing procedure that acted against the human poise. Notwithstanding, Cook (2003) showed that dehumanizing methodologies limit the unpredictability of legal hearer by helping them in keeping their human respect and compassion aside while actualizing capital punishment. In this way, this viewpoint essentially neutralizes the human poise for both the guilty party and the hearer. This point of view of dehumanizing guilty parties bolsters the death penalty making a negative perspective towards human respect. 2. As indicated by Vasquez et al. (2014) contemplates, there are different social, good and ethnic perspectives that consider discipline as an ethical medication and dehumanization as a procedure engaged with the treatment of guilty parties. In any case, conversely, Cohen Smith (2010) expressed that discipline regarding human respect is just considered as equity other else; the discipline that dehumanizes is considered as a wrongdoing itself. In any case, this ethical clarification towards the death penalty is constantly disengaged by society preferring dehumanization. Vasquez et al. (2014) showed that bestial and unthinking standards that create observations for considered guilty parties as creatures or items likewise underpins dehumanization. In this manner, individuals consider hoodlums as a negative component of society bringing about their good, enthusiastic and social rejection from society. Cohen Smith (2010) showed that the confined comprehension towards wrongdoing in customa ry ideas and convictions additionally favors dehumanization that is currently a piece of society culture. Indeed, even the social and media depictions of wrongdoing foreseeing a negative picture of guilty party human qualities outfits their respect further supporting dehumanization. The circumstance of good withdrawal likewise permits individuals to pass judgment on the negative conduct of lawbreakers that is illicit and against human poise. Be that as it may, Vasquez et al. (2014) opine that a more legitimized and thoughtful comprehension about the barely recognizable difference among wrongdoing and human poise will assist with conquering these circumstances preferring dehumanization over recovery. 3. Riley (2010) examined distinctive perspective and response of individuals supporting dehumanization or dehumanist that training inhumanness by utilization of informal language, obnoxious attack, physical maltreatment (brutality) and eye to eye connection refusal. These individuals would think about savagery towards wrongdoer above human nobility or option to endure. In this circumstance, the individuals think about rebuffing the guilty party over every other perspective. Johnson (2014) considered that legal hearer in Texas utilizes lawful language to build up a passionate good ways from criminal wrongdoers preferring dehumanization in the death penalty. The experts need to erase their own human respect or individual recognition to support lawful dynamic otherwise called depersonalizing activity in lawful dialects. Further, Cohen Smith (2010) showed that activities or response of individuals towards lawbreakers favors dehumanization in most extreme cases. Be that as it may, Riley ( 2010) examined that adaptation factors and activities preferring compassion advancement can conquer the deformities of dehumanization point of view in the death penalty. A portion of the effective activities that secure human pride in standards of society include training, sympathy, discoursed and shared characteristics intrigue. Point of view 2 1. This point of view gives a positive system to the human pride of wrongdoers associated with the death penalty. The point of view explains and underlines more on give an opportunity of restoration to lawbreakers that can assist them with restructuring their lives and spare their poise preferring emotional quadrant of human nobility. In the gave perusing Guse Hudson (2014) subjective research depicted the self-change of three South African guilty parties who rehearsed restoration and reshaped their lives giving an alternate perspective on the human respect of wrongdoers. The idea of recovery expresses that wrongdoing isn't an end of life or human poise rather it is an opportunity to improve once character, character and perspective towards life (Pope, 1999). Guse Hudson (2014) clarifies through the meeting with wrongdoers that insight, mankind, amazing quality and mental fortitude are four significant human attributes that help to reshape once own brief. This viewpoint totally holds human nobility over the death penalty preferring recidivism evasion and rationalistic deduction towards human pride engaged with the death penalty. In the gave contextual analysis, Chan and Myuran rehearsed restoration and purchased an adjustment in their lives that was distinguished by individuals and Australian government moreover. Chan turned into a Christian clergyman and Myuran a craftsman, yet at the same time the interests and solicitation for leniency supporting guilty parties flopped in Indonesian Legislation. This contextual investigation demonstrates that recovery is as yet a least acknowledged point of view of human nobility in the death penalty process preferring the unpredictability of human poise in this wonder. 2. In the current period likewise society has not totally acknowledged the point of view of recovery as a piece of human pride on account of the death penalty. Flanders (2013) demonstrated that restoration is another procedure practically speaking while customary it was not considered as a piece of lawful equity process however now open persevere a positive point of view for recovery. Riley (2010) examined that social reintegration is an activity or technique rehearsed by individuals to reaccept the guilty party once more into society through network based authorizations including reemergence support, aftercare, reintegration, resettlement and transitional consideration gave by individuals themselves. Further, recovery activities include relationship advancement with guilty parties, helpful equity, and directing. As per Johnson (2014), there are restoration programs directed by the legislature to limit reoffending in jail. A portion of the effective recovery programs are conduct prog rams for sexual guilty parties, outrage the board programs for rough crooks, substance programs, casualty mindfulness projects and uncommon gathering programs indicating a tremendous effect on preferring restoration that will legitimately secure and protect the human respect of wrongdoers. 3. Metz (2010) showed that individuals holding the point of view of recovery practice compassion and backing towards wrongdoers independent of their offense. Individuals convey an awareness of other's expectations, rebuilding and backing considering the human respect of guilty party equivalent to other people. Individuals likewise attempt t

The Good, the Bad and Social Problems Essay Topics

The Good, the Bad and Social Problems Essay Topics Social Problems Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? First of all, correct amount of basic education should be provided in families. The student from the upper-class community is going to have the very best possibility of succeeding. There are many problems, even on your own campus, that ought to be resolved. Therefore, it truly is important to place the issue of cyber bullying to the forefront and be sure that the government authorities together with the school councils do something about it. Top Social Problems Essay Topics Choices It's also just as important to maintain adequate degree of mutual trust so that children could find assistance from parents in case they've become victims of cyber-bullying. The demands of the students should be looked at in a pragmatic way and schemes have to be developed to serve them better. They face lots of relationship issues. The Supreme Approach for Social Problems Essay Topics Drugs have subse quent wellbeing and emotional issues through addiction and standard usage which then changes an individual's social behavior. Normally the illness lasts a couple of days. Social stress is one mental illness that maynot be cured with something as simple as a substance. More common problems for the fantastic depression. Details of Social Problems Essay Topics Various nations share similar social problems along with different ones. Opinions on the matter of illegal immigrants residing in america varies greatly. The variety of microcephaly cases in Brazil are increasing, particularly in the Northeast of the nation. The usa has a great deal of social troubles. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Social Problems Essay Topics Social issues transcend almost every facet of the society, and for that reason, given the undertaking of writing an essay on social issues, one is indirectly given the opportunity to select from the plethora of topics within the area. History is a subj ect that's compulsory for students of at just about any major. Let's take a quick glance at some of the most fascinating problem solution essay topics for students that will assist you in writing an essay. You can't begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. It is possible to also cite the job on particular individuals or philanthropists, that are working with diverse methods than the ones which you proposed. One of the course of the past few weeks webmd experts and after that show the decrease chest area. The third component is the growth of adolescence as a distinct phase of the life cycle is the growth of the juvenile justice system. Furthermore, there are different joints which only draw in women or seem to get frequented by men only. Social Problems Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone Choose the one that you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! It is crucial to remain objective when writing this kind of assignment and convince your audience on facts instead of opinions. You just need to ask the i deal questions! The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a tremendous quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. Top Social Problems Essay Topics Secrets Individual member is now able to play their role, pick the part they need to play and do it for the frequent goodness of their community. If only a few individuals are speaking out against it, then it isn't a social matter. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. In both nations, the strong existence of the government is very evident as the officials are making everything possible to attack the issue. Social Problems Essay Topics - the Story Avoiding social media can be quite hard. Social problems aren't universal to each society and have a tendency to change rapidly. They arise due to various factors. Difficulties with the environment are almost directly linked to poverty and issues with education. In some instances, people are attracted into buying certain kinds of products which they now define with that specific brand against their rivals through extreme advertising. There are several social problems that haunt the education system. As stated by the structural perspective, society is regarded as a complicated system of structures that interact to be able to execute various necessary functions. Data service social means it is also subject to lots of interpretations from various disciplines.

Plato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay - 1630 Words

The lasting condition impressed by an image can sometimes like as a flame, spreading throughout other discourses for long after its initial kindling. Such is the case with Plato s allegory of the cave, which has for over 2,500 years inspired significant contributions to theorizations of truth. Despite the age of Plato s work, the truth in the allegory is demonstrated by its own universality; as a formative piece of literature, the story acts as a gateway into Western discourses of truth. Truth remains an elusive quality, particularly when it is elevated to a universal value. Elevation as such brings into question the possibility of universal truth. The allegory of the cave renders a depiction of truth as a universal value that appears at once illuminating, damaging, and unforgiving — but this much only ever seeks to assert a version of truth fashioned by Socrates Plato himself sought to replicate. To analyze the enduring quality of Plato s work, the tools the author himself us es need to be investigated first. In one of his classic dialogues, Plato utilizes the character of Socrates, a stand-in for the real philosopher that educated the author. Socrates in Plato s work is in some ways an idealization of the lived thought of one of Western thought s most celebrated philosophers. Socrates discusses with another Greek, Glaucon, the image of a cave in which inhabitants are shackled, forced to view nothing but a wall and shadows upon it projected from other light sources. AShow MoreRelatedPlato s Allegory Of The Cave1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s, Allegory of the cave, a key theory I found was the importance of education. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (104) Based on my research of the republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes, ordinary mortals are chained within an underground chamber, which acco rding to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within the human body. These mortals can’t lookRead MorePlato s Allegory Of Cave1979 Words   |  8 PagesJaneva Walters December 6, 2016 Dr. T. Brady ENG 391 Plato’s Allegory of Cave The allegory of the cave is regarded as one of the most reputed and acclaimed works by the Greek philosopher Plato in modern literature as well as philosophy. First published and presented in his work known as a Republic (514a–520a), the dialogues that have been used as conversation can be regarded as fictitious as the main conversation takes place between Plato’s brother Glaucon and Socrates. First and foremost, allegoricalRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1814 Words   |  8 PagesIn Plato’s, â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, a key theory I found was the importance of gaining knowledge. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (Fiero, 104). Based on my research of the Republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes in the Allegory, ordinary mortals who are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, r epresents the psyche imprisoned within theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in a cave? Caves are dark, cold, and often times dangerous. People who lose their source of light in a cave often face death from physical injury or hypothermia, unless otherwise rescued. The Greek philosopher Plato illustrated the difference between reality and illusion through a story about prisoners who lived their entire existence in a cave. Plato tells the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† as a conversation between Socrates, his mentor, and Glaucon, one of Socrates’ students. Plato’s allegory of theRead MorePlato s The Allegory Of The Cave1965 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper I shall argue for Socrates’ notion in the Allegory of the Cave, saying that the purpose of education is not to place knowledge to the mind where there was none, but instead to recognise the already underlying existence of such insight inside the mind, and to help divert th e ones in need of teaching onto the correct path to find and retrieve such knowledge. Plato in his time was a dedicated student of Socrates, so most of Socrates â€Å"logos† and concepts heavily influenced Plato’s futureRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave910 Words   |  4 Pagesnature within them to reach their potential. Allegory is to reveal a hidden meaning, normally a moral, based on fictional stories. Plato Allegory of the Cave reminds us that the theory of Forms is real and suggests that the one with the empirical science would share his mind with the commoner in society. We must grasp the complex different types of Forms – opinion, knowledge and beauty really meant for Plato. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, Plato talks about dualism, mind (soul) and body. InRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagesflesh to satisfy the god (Ahmed 2010). All of these civilizations were interactive with their environment, but imagine if one knew only of the reality they believed inside of a cave not experiencing e vents within the real world. In Plato’s, Allegory of the Cave, he describes the scenario of prisoners kept isolated in a cave left to come up with a reality that they comprehended with the images that they saw in front of them. This applies especially to politics, because people are left to decipherRead MoreAnalyzing Plato s Allegory Of The Cave874 Words   |  4 PagesI’ll be analyzing Plato’s Allegory of the Cave through my own interpretation. An allegory is defined as â€Å"a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.† In Plato’s Republic the short excerpt The Allegory of the Cave can be viewed through multiple perspectives. Plato’s image of the cave is known as the â€Å"theory of forms†¦ The theory assumes the existence of a level of reality inhabited by ideal â€Å"forms† of all things and concepts (Revelations:Read MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Ess ay1842 Words   |  8 Pagesto find pieces about importance of our ego as well. Plato is one of the most important philosophers in western history. That brings us a question, why ego is such significant for both western and eastern philosophers and religious works? Sigmund Freud, who carried on Plato’s thinking on humanity and our society, pointed out what Plato has vaguely discussed about that the significance and impact the ego has on us. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, what the prisoners are actually experiencing the fightRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe other persons and sometimes that can get a little out of hand, depending on who you are dealing with. I guess the major point in all this is to never judge a book by its cover, always learn yourself. In Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, there are these prisoners that live in a cave and have never seen any natural sunlight. They can only see shadows of things displayed on the wall by the light coming from the fire. The prisoners get happy and interested by the shadows they see. The shadows could

Drilling in ANWR is Americas best hope Essay - 2012 Words

The United States imported 9,163,000 barrels of oil per day in 2010. Of that amount 4,885,000 barrels are imported from countries that belong to the OPEC oil cartel. (Petroleum Statistics) The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization consisting of twelve countries that have formally agreed to fix prices and dictates sales rules involving the export of oil to non-member countries. In order to lessen our dependence on OPEC oil, the United States should begin drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska. The oil reserves in ANWR are estimated to contain more than twice as much oil as the state of Texas. (Energy) Drilling for these resources will help the United States by†¦show more content†¦The red dot represents the area that has been proposed for development in ANWR OPEC has consistently held the U.S. hostage with fixed oil prices and the threat of embargos. Many of the countries that belong to OPEC are not fri endly to the United States, including: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya, and Algeria. (Weil) The U.S. has declared many of these countries to be â€Å"state sponsors of terror†; however we still purchase their oil. (Fueling Terror) Increasing the United States’ oil production would give OPEC less of an opportunity to fix prices because demand for their product would fall. The peak oil production of ANWR is estimated to be up to 1.45 million barrels per day; that’s 1.45 million barrels of oil that OPEC would have to find another buyer for. They would either have to lower prices or production as a result of the flooded market. (Hastings) Currently the United States imports 4.885 million barrels of oil from OPEC daily. If we produced 1.45 million more barrels of oil per day we could cut our OPEC imports by more than twenty-five percent. (Petroleum Statistics) At $100 dollars per barrel that would be 145 million dollars that would stay in the United States every day; instead of being sent to countries that sponsor terrorism and reject basic human rights. Oil is fifty percent of Iran’s gross domestic product, fueling their ability to procureShow MoreRelatedThe Threat Of Global Warming1779 Words   |  8 Pages(Consequences of Global Warming). Drilling in ANWR would cause horrifying situations for the wildlife ecosystem and inescapable affects on life in America and around the world, as we know it. In the National Wildlife Refuge Association’s annual report and recommendations to the US Congress, they revealed the astounding fact that, â€Å"The Artic Refuge is the only conservation system unit that protects, in an undisturbed condition, a complete spectrum of the artic ecosystem in North America† (Inkley, Kolton, p. 8)Read More America Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge5388 Words   |  22 PagesAmerica Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Thesis: If the United States is going to choose to conserve energy responsibly, then our governments energies should not be focused on developing oil in the ANWR, but rather on the topics of conservation through higher fuel efficiency standards in vehicles and by developing alternative energy sources. Conservation, fuel efficiency and alternative energy sources are the solutions that will lead us

Where Admart Went Wrong free essay sample

A revolution was taking place in the grocery store industry, and was creating the potential for drastically lower food bills for Hong Kong consumers. This was the result of Mr. Jimmy Lai Chee-ying? s latest business venture, adMart, a directmarketing company that sold groceries and electronic products through the Internet and phone-in orders, and offered free delivery service. At stake was a slice of the market worth more than HK$55 billion (US$7 billion) a year (HK Standard, 22 August 1999). Mr.Jimmy Lai had broken into other markets in the last ten years with Giordano (a casual wear chain-store), Next Magazine (a weekly magazine), and Apple Daily (a daily newspaper). But this time, he was taking on Hong Kong? s retail powerhouses, a duopoly of billionaire Mr. Li Ka-shing? s Hutchison Whampoa (Park? N Shop) and the colonial British conglomerate Jardine Matheson Holdings (Wellcome Supermarket). Other retailers had not been able to challenge the entrenched giants, largely because setting up brick and mortar stores was simply too expensive given Hong Kong? skyrocketing real-estate costs. Mr. Jimmy Lai figured that a virtual store would solve the problem and boasted that adMart would smash the status quo and bring price relief to local customers. The idea was to use the huge advertising muscle of Mr. Jimmy Lai? Next Media Group to sell products and revolutionize the grocery market. An excellent marketing strategy such as promoting adMart goods vigorously in his Apple Daily, one of Hong Kong? s two most-read newspapers, and orders could be placed by telephone, fax, or e-mail. As a result, a new brand name was developed in a short time, which forced Wellcome and Park? N Shop into a cut-throat price war. Mr. Jimmy Lai claimed that Hutchison and Jardine had warned the distributors not to sell groceries and electronics to adMart and pulled advertisements out of his Apple Daily. Although the two supermarket giants did not admit to directly competing with adMart, both acknowledged that they met adMart? s challenge by boosting advertising, slashing prices, and launching their own me-too cyber stores (Business Week, 23 October 2000). The venture into cyber-shopping was never going to be smooth for adMart. The first problem was that online transactions did not live up to expectations. At their height, only 25 percent of the orders delivered were placed on the Internet, with 65 percent coming by telephone, and 10 percent by fax (SCMP. com, 13 December 2000). Not long after it opened, adMart was plagued by product and service problems. Adding to adMart? s woes, suppliers stopped providing goods, because the company was selling products below prices agreed between the suppliers and other retailers. Hampered by a lack of quality products, adMart was forced to parallel import goods that offered little quality assurance, and reportedly made losses of between HK$50 and $60 million a month (Hong Kong iMail, 12 December 2000). After an 18-month period of intense competition, adMart ceased trading on 11 December 2000. No longer bound by time or geography, customers could shop in cyberspace around the clock. Online shopping was now becoming as common and convenient as ordering by telephone or fax. A survey conducted by AC Nielsen in June 1999 revealed that 17% of Internet users showed interest in shopping via the Internet. Books, magazines, CDs, audio and videotapes contributed to about 39 percent of total local Internet sales, followed by daily supermarket items and computer software products. According to the survey, Internet users had shown a growing interest in grocery shopping, creating demand worth HK$800 million a year. In August 2000, almost 50 percent of the people who shopped on the Internet had used it to buy food and household goods in the previous 12 months, which was up from only 20 percent in January 2000. People commonly shopped online for basic items such as rice and bulk food (SCMP. com, 10 October 2000). The average purchase value of each Internet shopper was around HK$680. 00. The benefit of shopping online was that one had more choice of goods, and could more easily compare prices between shops. The advantages of cyberspace were most significant for shopping that required a substantial amount of information, which was an area where the traditional shopping experience was rather inefficient (HK Standard, 10 May 2000). A Consumer Council survey found that about 80 percent of Internet shoppers were happy with the service that they received. However, consumer complaints related to Internet shopping had risen, and most were due to delivery problems, lost goods, misrepresentation of the goods, and overcharging (SCMP. COM, 18 October 2000). Online shopping was further advanced in January 2000 by the launch of Hong Kong? s first virtual credit card. This move by the Hang Seng Bank attracted thousands of new consumers to the Internet. The bank set a low monthly credit limit of HK$3,000 (HK Standard, 18 January 2000) to 4 ACRJ help calm the public? s well-known fear of online fraud. Indeed, the distrust of online services, and the local passion for physical shopping and bargain hunting, were seen as obstacles in the development of electronic commerce. Hong Kong shoppers wanted to touch and hold the goods they buy, and haggle for the lowest possible price. Such habits would continue to present difficulties for Hong Kong entrepreneurs wanting to replicate the success of e-commerce in Western countries. However, the adMart management group had confidence in the future of direct marketing services, as they reasoned that people in Hong Kong do not have time to shop for basic necessities, and most of them do not have vehicles to transport bulky items home. The management of adMart predicted that once the consumers began shopping online, they would never want to carry a bag of rice and 24 cans of soft drinks back home from the supermarket again.